7нн. Методические указания и задания к занятиям семинарского типа, контрольной и самостоятельной работе по дисциплине
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R Speak without FearThe biggest problem most people face in learning a new language is their own fear. They worry that they won’t say things correctly or that they will look stupid so they don’t talk at all. Don’t do this. The fastest way to learn anything is to do it – again and again until you get it right. Like anything, learning English requires practice. R Use all of your ResourcesUsing as many different sources, methods and tools as possible, will allow you to learn faster. There are many different ways you can improve your English, so don’t limit yourself to only one or two. The Internet is a fantastic resource for the language learner. R Surround yourself with EnglishThe absolute best way to learn English is to surround yourself with it. Take notes in English, put English books around your room, listen to English language radio broadcasts, watch English news, movies and television. Speak English with your friends whenever you can. The more English material you have around you, the faster you will learn and the more likely it is that you will begin “thinking in English”. R Listen to Native Speakers as Much as PossibleThere are some good English teachers that have had to learn English as a second language before they could teach it. However, there are several reasons why many of the best schools prefer to hire native English speakers. One of the reasons is that native speakers have a natural flow to their speech that students of English should try to imitate. RWatch English Films and TelevisionThis is not only a fun way to learn but it is also very effective. By watching English films (especially those with English subtitles) you can expand your vocabulary and hear the flow of speech from the actors. If you listen to the news you can also hear different accents. RListen to English musicThe best way to learn is to get the lyrics (words) to the songs you are listening to and try to read them as the singer sings. There are several good internet sites where one can find the words for most songs. This way you can practice your listening and reading at the same time. And if you like to sing, fine. RStudy as Often as Possible!Only by studying things like grammar and vocabulary and doing exercises, you can really improve your knowledge of any language. RDo Exercises and Take TestsBy completing exercises and taking tests you can really improve your English. Often, it is by comparing your score on a test you took yesterday with one you took a month or six months ago that you realize just how much you have learned. If you never test yourself, you will never know how much you are progressing. RListen to EnglishSpeak on the phone or listen to radio broadcasts, audiobooks or CDs in English. This is different than watching the television or films because you can’t see the person that is speaking to you. Many learners of English say that speaking on the phone is one of the most difficult things that they do and the only way to improve is to practice. The most important thing is that you really have to want to learn the language – without that, you won’t get very far. You need to work hard, but at the same time you need to enjoy it and not get frustrated when you feel are not making much progress. You have to be realistic – learning a language takes time. Motivation is vital, you should really believe that you will be successful. ___________________________________________________________ Writing R How are you going to keep up your English? Complete these sentences: I am going to _______________________________________________. I plan to _______________________________________________. I intend to ________________________________________________. I’d like to _________________________________________________. I hope to _________________________________________________. Now write a letter to your teacher. Include the following: Why are you learning English? What are your strengths and weaknesses as a learner? What can you suggest to maximize learning? ___________________________________________________________ 2. YOU ARE AT THE UNIVERSITY NOW ___________________________________________________________ Reading 1. Read the following text and answer the questions. 1. Do many people in England go on to get a higher education? 2. How do students get a place at university? 3. Do English students pay tuition fees? 4. How long do undergraduate and graduate courses last? 5. What degrees are granted at English universities? 6. What should you do to get a university degree at an English university? Studying at University (in England and Wales) If you want to go to (=enter fml) university, you must first pass examinations that most students take at the age of eighteen (called “A” levels). Most students take three “A” levels (three examinations in three different subjects) and they must do well in order to get a place at the university because the places are limited. Competition to get into one of Britain’s universities is fierce. At the moment, approximately 30% of young adults go to university in Britain. Until 1998, British students didn’t have to pay for university. Now they must pay about £1,000 a year as a tuition fee. Not all students study full-time at the university or college. Many of them combine their studies with work. Students at university are called undergraduates while they are studying for their first degree. Undergraduates go to large, formal lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials: lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the lecturer. Most university courses last three years, some courses last four years, and one or two courses, e.g. medicine, may be even longer. During this period students can say that they are doing/studying history, or doing/studying for a degree in history, for example. When they finish the course and pass their examinations, they receive a degree. This can be a BA (=Bachelor of Arts) or a BSc (=Bachelor of Science), e.g. “I have a friend who has a BA in history, and another who has a BSc in chemistry”. When you complete your first degree, you are a graduate. Some students then go on to do a second course or degree (postgraduate course / postgraduate degree). These students are then postgraduates. There are usually three possible degrees: MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science) – usually one year; MPhil (Master of Philosophy) – usually two years; PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) – at least three years. Students can graduate with an ordinary degree or an honours degree which is better. When people study one subject in great detail, we say they are conducting / doing/ carrying out research. ___________________________________________________________ Vocabulary 1. Match the words on the left with their synonyms on the right.
2. Find antonyms in the following list.
3. Match the terms on the left with their definitions on the right.
4. Match the terms with their Russian equivalents.
___________________________________________________________ 5. Marcia Garcia tells us about her educational background. Complete each sentence with one of the words or phrases form the box below. You will need to put the verbs into the right tense.
1. I started at primary school in London when I was five. 2. At the age of eleven, I went on to _______, also in London. 3. At seventeen, I _______ to university. I got a ______ at Manchester to ______ Engineering. 4. But at the end of the first year I changed to another _______. 5. I ______ from university in 1997. 6. I have a first-class ________ in Economics. 7. I decided to ______ at university. 8. So I did a _______ in Business Administration at the University of California. 9. During the course, I did an _______ on small business development. 10. I found the topic so interesting that I applied for a _______ to do a doctorate on the same subject. 11. Once I had got the money, I had to write a 50,000-word _______. 12. So now I have a BA, an MBA and a ________. 13. All I need now is a ________! ___________________________________________________________ Speaking Now tell about yourself as a student. The following questions may help you. What university and what department do you study at? What is your major? What university degree do you study for? What general and special subjects do you do? Which is your favorite? Is your schedule tight? How many classes do you have daily? Do you ever miss classes? Are you a good learner? Is academic achievement your priority now? Do you live in a hostel? If yes, do you like it? Do you pay tuition fees? Do you have any difficulties with university studies? What are they? ___________________________________________________________ Writing Choose one of the topics to write an essay on. Why Study at University? An Ideal Student. Student’s Life is ... (interesting/not easy/fun). ___________________________________________________________ Project. Get Real! Surf the Internet and find an educational program which meets your professional interests. For example, you may try http://europa.eu.int/comm/education/programmes/tempus/index en.html. Find out the details of the program: admission criteria, location, duration, scholarship, etc. Would you like to participate? Explain. 3. WORKING LIFE _________________________________________________ What do you want to be? Why? Why do you think you will be well-suited to this job? Reading. Now do the quiz and find out… …What’s in you for the Job? Instructions for the quiz Simply indicate whether you think the statements are True or False for you. There are no right or wrong answers. Circle only one alternative for each statement. People Circle true or false to the following: True False I always think of other people's opinions before making decisions А С I like working with statistics С А I always help a colleague who has family problems А С I frequently forget where I leave things В С I cannot often persuade others to see my point of view С В Personal insults don't worry me С А In a new group of people I often feel anxious С В I enjoy telling other people about my achievements С А I am bored by routine tasks В С I always like to win when I take part in an activity С А I am easily persuaded by the majority opinion С В If I can choose, I do things my way first С А Success in my job is very important to me B C I like tasks which require a lot of physical and mental energy В С I often question myself about how I really feel А С If someone upsets me, I tell them С В Scoring Total A answers ____; Total В answers _____; Total A and В answers ____ Procedures and Systems Circle true or false to the following: True False I like to keep things in order А С I am quick at making conclusions about most things С А Traditional solutions are the best А С Other people's problems don't interest me B C I rarely question or doubt what other people say С В I don't always finish tasks on time С А I feel comfortable in nearly all social situations С В I like to predict results before beginning to do anything А С I like working under pressure В С I enjoy being challenged by new tasks С А People are usually convinced by my arguments С В Checking detail is not one of my strong points С А Clear and distinct thought is important to me B C I find it hard to express myself in groups В С I always try to finish what I start А С The beauty of nature often astounds me С В Scoring Total A answers ____; Total В answers _____; Total A and В answers ____ Communications and the Arts Circle true or false to the following: True False I would like to present TV programs А С I sometimes find it difficult to say what I mean С А I think I could write good short stories А С I could do drawings for new designs В С My knowledge of the arts is rather limited С В I prefer doing practical things to reading or creative writing С А I rarely notice the design of clothes С В I enjoy talking to others about their opinions А С I am full of creative ideas В С I find most fiction rather uninteresting С А I am not very inventive С В I am a very down-to-earth person С А I would like to exhibit my photographs or paintings for others to see В С I could design something which was visually attractive В С Translating foreign languages would appeal to me A C Unconventional people make me feel uncomfortable С В Scoring Total A answers ____; Total В answers _____; Total A and В answers ____ Science and Engineering Circle true or false to the following: True False I am good at finding the weaknesses in arguments А С I nearly always make spontaneous decisions С А Thinking up new ideas is easy for me A C I'm not good at persuading others В С I enjoy organizing things in advance С В Thinking in the abstract helps to solve problems С А Mending things is not one of my strong points С В Talking about possibilities that might never happen is enjoyable А С Other people's comments about me don't hurt me В С I try to solve problems by intuition and personal feelings С А I don't always finish what I begin С В I don't try to hide my emotions С А I find it easy to find solutions to practical problems В С Traditional methods are usually the best ones В С My independence is very important to me A C I enjoy reading classical literature С В Scoring Total A answers ____; Total В answers _____; Total A and В answers ____ Interpretation Ignore all С responses. They simply indicate a lack of interest in a particular area, and should not be included in your scoring. You should now have four scores, each between 0 and 16. A score of 0-4 shows very little interest in a particular area. 5-12 is about average. A score of 13 and over shows a strong interest, and the highest of your four scores indicates which area of work is most likely to suit the requirements of your individual personality. People: A – Caring; B - Influence Within the world of People, if you have more A than В answers, you are more interested in caring for people than in influencing them. You should therefore be looking for a career in the medical, welfare or education fields: for example, doctor, dentist, psychiatrist, health visitor, radiographer, social worker, speech-therapist, teacher or lecturer. But if you have scored more В than A answers, you are more likely to feel at home in a job involving control, commerce or management: for example, the armed forces, police, prison officer, security guard, sales representative, marketing manager, property developer, advertising executive or market researcher. Procedures and Systems: A – Words; B - Data If your original score places you in the world of Procedures and Systems, more A than В answers points to a career in administrative, legal or clerical work: for example, Civil Servant, office manager, personnel manager, company secretary, solicitor, professional secretary, librarian, archivist, book researcher or records officer. If you have more В than A answers, the chances are your interest in Procedures and Systems will be better catered for in finance and data processing. Suitable careers include: accountancy, banking, valuing, economics, computer programming and systems analysis. Communications and the Arts: A – Media; Visual Arts & Design In the world of Communications and the Arts, a higher A than В score should point you towards the media, literature or languages. Occupations include: journalist, radio or television researcher, advertising copy writer, translator or public relations officer. A higher В than A score, on the other hand, indicates that you are more suited to design and the visual arts. Careers include: graphic designer, cartographer, architect, interior designer, window dresser, theatrical designer, fashion designer or photographer. Science and Engineering: A – Research; B - Practical The main division in this area is between research and practice. More A's suggest research, more B's suggest practice. Since most careers in this world have opportunities for both research and applied work, it is not possible to make specific suggestions to individuals on the basis of their A and В responses. Careers include: biologist, physicist, chemist, mechanical and civil engineer. Compare your answers with your partner. Example: I sometimes find it difficult to say what I mean. What about you? No, I don’t, actually. I'm good at persuading others. Vocabulary. Look at the statements that are true for you. Think of adjectives to describe your character. Example: I am good at finding the weaknesses in arguments – critical. ___________________________________________________________ Speaking: Role-play Half the class are careers counselors and the other half are clients who want careers advice. The clients have appointments with three counselors. Each appointment lasts for 3 minutes.
After you have done the interviews, form two groups:
4. LIVE TO WORK OR WORK TO LIVE? ___________________________________________________________ Which of these statements do you agree with? Work is the most important thing in life. Work is just a way to get money so you can do the things you enjoy. ___________________________________________________________ Reading Read what three people say about their jobs. Complete the chart with notes on the good and bad things about Anna’s, Tony’s, and Erika’s jobs.
ANNA, 18 I work in a factory. My working hours are 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m., Monday to Friday. I have a one-hour lunch break at 12.30. The routine is the same every day. My job is very boring but the pay is quite good. My colleagues and I don’t really talk to each other, but I have a lot of friends outside work. My job is just a way to earn money. TONY, 23 I am a computer programmer. I work a 40-hour week. We have flexible hours so I can start and finish when I want. If we are very busy then I work overtime – I get paid extra for this. There are always problems to solve. This can be difficult, but it can also be quite creative. I earn a good salary, but my job doesn’t rule my life. I like to do different things in my free time. ERIKA, 25 I’m a doctor in a large hospital. I work very long hours – 60 or 70 hours a week – often in the evenings and at the weekends. The work is really interesting but it can also be quite stressful. I love my job and my colleagues are also my friends. I don’t have time for a social life. When I get home, I’m too tired to do anything except have dinner and watch TV. ___________________________________________________________ Vocabulary 1. Match the highlighted words in the quotes with the definitions (1–8). 1) the people you work with – __________; 2) the number of hours in the week you spend doing your job – _______; 3) the money you receive every month for the work you have done – _______; 4) the things you do, usually with other people, outside work – _______; 5) the time you have for eating in the middle of the working day – _______; 6) the time you spend at work after your normal working hours – _______; 7) a system where you can choose when to start and finish work – _______; 8) the usual order and way that you regularly do things – _______. 2. Complete the sentences (1–6) with an adjective from the box.
1. If we have too much work and not enough time, it can be quite __________. 2. In my job, I use my imagination and ideas a lot, so the work is __________. 3. I do the same thing every day – my job is __________. 4. There is so much to do at work that I’m always __________. 5. Sometimes my job is __________, but I would get bored if it was too easy. 6. My job is very __________ because I’m always learning new things. ___________________________________________________________ Speaking: Make a brief description of a job. Do not say which job it is. Present your description for others in the class to guess the job. ___________________________________________________________ Reading Read the text and match the headings in the box with the paragraphs. Happier times Getting a job Hard times Moving up Leaving the company The career ladder _________________________ When Paul left school he applied for (= wrote an official request for) a job in the accounts department of a local engineering company. They gave him a job as a trainee (=a very junior person in a company). He didn’t earn very much but they gave him a lot of training (= organized help and advice with learning the job), and sent him on training courses. Note: Training is an uncountable noun, so you cannot say ‘a training’. You can only talk about training (in general), or a training course (if you want to refer to just one). Here you can use the verb do or go on: I did / went on several training courses last year. _________________________ Paul worked hard at the company and his prospects (= future possibilities in the job) looked good. After his first year he got a good pay rise (= more money), and after two years he was promoted (= given a higher position with more money and responsibility). After six years he was in charge of (= responsible for / the boss of) the accounts department with five other employees (= workers in the company) under him (= under his responsibility/authority). _________________________ By the time Paul was 30, however, he decided he wanted a fresh challenge (= a new exiting situation). He was keen to work abroad, so he resigned from his company (officially told the company he was leaving his job; you can also say ‘he quit the company’) and started looking for a new job with a bigger company. After a couple of months he managed to find a job with an international company which involved (= included) a lot of foreign travel. He was very excited about the new job and at first he really enjoyed the traveling, but … _________________________ After about six months, Paul started to dislike the constant moving around, and after a year he hated it; he hated living in hotels, and he never really made any friends in the new company. Unfortunately his work was not satisfactory either and finally he was sacked (= told to leave the company / dismissed / given the sack) a year later. After that, Paul found things much more difficult. He was unemployed (= out of work / without a job) for over a year. He had to sell his car and move out of his new house. Things were looking bad and in the end Paul had to accept a |