7нн. Методические указания и задания к занятиям семинарского типа, контрольной и самостоятельной работе по дисциплине
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Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст. BANKS If you work, you've probably got a bank account. You could keep the money you earn each month in a box under your bed, but it wouldn't be very sensible. One reason is that it's not very safe. If your house gets burgled, you'll lose everything you've saved. Another reason is that your money will lose value. As prices rise, the money in a box under your bed will be able to buy fewer and fewer things. Money in a bank savings account, however, will earn interest. The interest will help compensate for the effect of inflation. But banks are more than just safe places for your money. What other services do they offer? The other main service is lending money. Individuals and businesses often need to borrow money, and they need a lender that they can trust. This is exactly what banks are - reliable lenders. In fact, most of the money that people deposit in their bank accounts is immediately lent out to someone else. Apart from storing and lending money, banks offer other financial services. Most of these are ways of making money more accessible to customers. For example, banks help people transfer money securely. They give customers cheque books and credit cards to use instead of cash. They provide ATM machines so that people can get cash any time of the day or night. But how do banks make a living? Basically, they make a living by charging interest on loans. Of course, when you make a deposit into a bank savings account, the bank pays you interest on that money. However, the rate they pay savers is less than the rate they charge borrowers. The extra money they make by charging interest on loans is where banks earn most of their money. For banks, interest is also a kind of security. Sometimes people do not pay back money they borrow. This is called defaulting on a loan. When someone defaults on a loan, the bank uses money earned from interest to cover the loss. All of this means that most of the money people have saved in the bank is not there at all! A small amount of the total savings is kept by the bank so that customers can make withdrawals. The rest, however, is made available for loans. The amount that is kept is called the reserve. The reserve must be a certain percentage of all the savings received from customers - for example 20 per cent. This figure is set by the central bank, and this is one of the ways that governments can control the amount of money circulating in the economy. 2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту. What are the two reasons for saving your money in a bank? Why do people borrow money from banks? What other financial services do banks provide? How do banks make a living? What is a reserve? How big can it be? 3. Заполните пропуски в предложениях одним из слов, предложенных ниже:
When you make a …, you put money into your account. When you make a …, you take money out of your account. An … is a machine that gives customers money when the bank is closed. The percentage of the principal that is paid as a fee for borrowing money is …. A … is the bank currency deposit which is not lent out to the bank's clients. A … card is used for borrowing money to buy things. If you cannot pay back money you borrow you … on a loan. A ... account is used for keeping money longer term. Money in a box under your bed loses value because of …. The … bank decides how much money commercial banks should keep in reserve. 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива. The purpose of each business process is to offer each customer the right product or service. To obtain a stock exchange listing, a company must have at least 25 per cent of its shares held by public. Efforts to increase the productive capacity of the poorer nations will only be effective if these nations are able to increase their exports. We expect interest rates to rise next week. We have decided not to advertise this position, but to recruit internally. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции герундия. The increase in government spending and borrowing will have some effect on the rate of interest. We have succeeded in entering a new competitive market. Protecting infant industries is vital to their survival in a highly competitive market. He knew nothing of his being sent to London. New management suggested changing quality control system. 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции причастия. A country wishing to limit its population may discourage immigration and encourage emigration. Industries producing steel, paper and chemicals require very large quantities of water and tend to be found near rivers. Taxes placed on goods and services are known as indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes placed on income and wealth. Loan capital is more appropriate in firms operating in stable market. Having researched all the vacancies available, he chose the one to match his qualifications and experience. 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на типы условных предложений. If incomes are rising, the demand for most goods and services will tend to increase. If the price of butter fell, the demand for margarine would probably fall. If production can be expanded very easily and quickly in response to an increase in demand, supply will be elastic. If we don’t install new equipment, we will become uncompetitive. If I had known that I wouldn’t have said anything. Вариант 2 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст. WHAT DOES ECONOMICS STUDY? What do you think of when you hear the word economics? Money, certainly, and perhaps more complicated things like business, inflation and unemployment. The science of economics studies all of these, but many more things as well. Perhaps you think that economics is all about the decisions that governments and business managers take. In fact, economists study the decisions that we all take every day. Very simply, economics studies the way people deal with a fact of life: resources are limited, but our demand for them certainly is not. Resources may be material things such as food, housing and heating. There are some resources, though, that we cannot touch. Time, space and convenience, for example, are also resources. Think of a day. There are only 24 hours in one, and we have to choose the best way to spend them. Our everyday lives are full of decisions like these. Every decision we make is a trade-off. If you spend more time working, you make more money. However, you will have less time to relax. Economists study the trade-offs people make. They study the reasons for their decisions. They look at the effects those decisions have on our lives and our society. What are microeconomics and macroeconomics? Economists talk about microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with people, like you and me, and private businesses. It looks at the economic decisions people make every day. It examines how families manage their household budgets. Microeconomics also deals with companies - small or large - and how they run their business. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the economy of a country - and of the whole world. Any economist will tell you, though, that microeconomics and macroeconomics are closely related. All of our daily microeconomic decisions have an effect on the wider world around us. Another way to look at the science of economics is to ask, 'what's it good for?' Economists don't all agree on the answer to this question. Some practise positive economics. They study economic data and try to explain the behavior of the economy. They also try to guess economic changes before they happen. Others practise normative economics. They suggest how to improve the economy. Positive economists say, 'this is how it is'. Normative economists say, 'we should ‘. So what do economists do? Mainly, they do three things: collect data, create economic models and formulate theories. Data collection can include facts and figures about almost anything, from birth rates to coffee production. Economic models show relationships between these different data. For example, the relationship between the money people earn and unemployment. From this information, economists try to make theories which explain why the economy works the way it does. 2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту. What does economics study? What does microeconomics deal with? What does macroeconomics look at? What’s the difference between positive and normative economics? What are the three things that economists do? 3. Подберите к терминам соответствующие определения:
4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива. It is important to carry out theses changes as quickly as possible. To encourage our employees to develop their skills is one of the prime concerns of management. The employers agreed to accept the terms pf the pay deal. Another fact to be born in mind is that some of these ratios only apply to domestic output. The advanced countries provide technical experts to advise and assist the developing countries in their efforts to achieve growth. Задание 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции герундия. The control of the money supply is one of the most important instruments for regulating total demand in an economy. We discussed opening a new business. Increasing wage rates attracts more workers and encourages them to work longer hours. Many people get satisfaction from doing a good job and creating something useful or beautiful. Imposing taxes on harmful products discourages people from consuming them. 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции причастия. The information obtained is very valuable. In advanced capitalist societies advertising is a powerful instrument affecting demand in many markets. A business process is the set of activities performed to serve a customer. Banknotes and coins are not the most important form of money in developed countries. Having returned from a business trip, he suggested using new approaches to the project. 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на типы условных предложений. If the government cuts taxation, it will gain a lot of popular support. If we installed new equipment, we would become more competitive. Were I in the city, I would attend this lecture. Unless we reach break-even point within six months, we will have to ask for another bank loan. If the consultant had done more careful research, he would have identified a gap in the market. Вариант 3 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст. THE MARKET ECONOMY Have you ever walked through a busy street market? People push their way through crowds of others in order to reach the stalls first. The air is full of deafening shouts. Stall owners yell to advertise their goods. Buyers cry out their orders. It's hard to imagine, but behind this noisy confusion is a very logical economic theory: the market economy. The market economy is sometimes called the free market. A free market is not controlled in any way by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market, the only reason why things are bought and sold is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself. The street market where we began has many of the characteristics of the free market. Customers arrive at the market with a shopping list of things they need. They also come with an idea of how much they are prepared to pay. Stall owners sell what customers demand, and try to get the highest price they can for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy, we are all customers, and the stall owners are like companies. The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology. Competition exists in a free market because, theoretically, anyone can be a producer. This means that companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. If customers aren't happy with a product or service, or if they can't afford it, they will go to a competitor. Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort. The result: more profit. People often think that most economies are free markets. However, at the macroeconomic level, a truly free market economy does not exist anywhere in the world. This is because all governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments set very few, but they all set some. For this reason, a true market economy is only theoretical. Nevertheless, many of the features of the market economy do exist in most societies today. 2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту. Who controls a market economy? Who decides what to produce and sell in a market economy? Why is competition a good thing? Why does technology exist in a market economy? Are there true market economies in the world today? Why? 3. Заполните пропуски в предложениях одним из слов, предложенных ниже. Перепишите полные предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
Production … are the amount of money companies spend to make a product. A … economy is one where a government decides what can be bought and sold and/or how it is done. When there is a demand we… prices but we … them if we want to sell something quickly. If there is only one producer in the market, there is no … Supply and … control what is on the market and how much it sells for. I can’t … that car – it’s far too expensive. Businesses … their products in the media to attract more customers. The main incentive for businesses in a market economy is making a …. Technology is one of the main … of the market economy. Задание 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива. One of the fundamental decisions to be taken by entrepreneurs concerns the geographical location of their enterprises. In order to increase profits, the company developed a new product and launched it successfully in the market. To enter this market requires a lot of hard work. The sales director claimed to have found three new customers. There are nation-wide schemes to encourage industrial investment. Задание 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции герундия. His taking part in the development of the new system was a great help to us. Opening up economies bring a problem of keeping a good balance of trade. By cutting the number of employees a company has a quick-acting method of reducing costs. The company risks losing money if it makes investment in this venture. Retail price index is calculated by recording increases in prices for a range of goods and services. Задание 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на формы и функции причастия. Monetary policy is one of the tools used by the government to control the economy. Purchases made using credit cards are now a huge proportion of total spending in many countries. Structural unemployment occurs when changing public tastes and advances in technology cause a fall in demand for some types of work. In a country suffering from inflation people have lower disposable incomes. Having laid off 50 employees, the company reduced costs and managed to survive. 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на типы условных предложений. If money incomes rise by 5 per cent, but over the same period prices rise by 10 per cent, real income will have fallen. If the supplier of such a commodity were to raise the price, many buyers would turn to the close substitutes. We would have to reduce our workforce if the bank refused to extend our credit. If the market for our products expands, we will have a 20 per cent increase in turnover next year. If we had installed the equipment, we would have become more competitive. Вариант 4 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст. |