7нн. Методические указания и задания к занятиям семинарского типа, контрольной и самостоятельной работе по дисциплине
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Listening. Preparing for a trip. Before receiving a visitor from a foreign country – or before travelling abroad – you need to think about the cultural issues that may affect the relationship. Suggest some basic research that you should do before receiving your visitor, or before travelling. What issues should you think about? Make a list. Listen to the recording. An Englishman, Peter Welsh, who is a Director of an international company, talks about what he thinks is important in preparing for business contacts with people from other cultures. He mentions several key areas to find out about. Identify six of them. Did you think of any of the same issues? Language forMaking Sure Have you ever booked flights or tickets on the Internet? How successful was it? Read about two travelers in the short text below. Answer the questions. Two teenagers from London booked cheap flights to Sydney on the Internet. As their plane landed, instead of the opera house and the harbor bridge, they saw the Dominion steel and coal plant. They were in Sydney, the steel-making capital of Nova Scotia in Canada, population 26,083. Have you ever taken a wrong train or flight? How can we make sure this doesn't happen? Listening. Phil is calling his colleague, Richard, to give him his travel details. Listen to their conversation. Repeat their conversation, using the prompts below to help you. Then listen again to check your answers.
Work in pairs. Have a conversation by matching the beginnings of sentences in A with their endings in B. Then listen and check.
Speaking. Make up your own dialogues. Invent situations when you need to ask for clarification and repetition. Example: You are on the telephone but you can’t hear the other person very well. Ask him/her for repetition. On your own. Getting a visa In order to travel to the US you need an American visa. Make up a list of things to do to get a visa. You may consult www.travel.state.gov. Consider the following:
To get an American visa, one needs / doesn’t need to… Surf the Internet and find answers to the following questions: What types of visas are available for people to come to the United States? How do I read and understand my visa? After I have my visa, I will be able to enter the US, correct? My visa expires in 5 years, what does this mean? How can I find out how long I am authorized to stay in the US? My visa will expire while I am in the United States. Is there a problem with that? My visa application has been refused. Why can't I get my money back? Unit 2 NATIONAL STEREOTYPES Heaven is where the cooks are French, the police are British, the mechanics are German, the lovers are Italian and everything is organized by the Swiss.Hell is where the cooks are British, the police are German, the mechanics are French, the lovers are Swiss, and everything is organized by the Italians. This is an old popular joke that never fails to make those who hear it laugh. Even today when the international community promotes diversity and encourages tolerance, certain people are still tagged according to their nationalities. Have you ever heard of such common national stereotypes? Do you agree with them? Americans are fat, ignorant and war-mongering, they don’t know about other countries. The English are tolerate eccentric people, they drink tea, and are football enthusiasts. French people smoke heavily, always wear a beret, eat frogs’ legs, they are rude, and are rather weak and cowardly. Germans consume huge amounts of beer, sausages, cabbage. They have no sense of humor. The Japanese are workaholics. Japanese tourists spend their entire trip taking pictures of things. Russians drink vodka. Work on your own. Write down five or six stereotypes for your own nationality. Discuss your ideas with the group mates. Are the common stereotypes about your nationality offensive, prejudicial or positive? Reading. Match the summary (A–G) with the correct paragraph (1–7).
Scots in Sweden upset by cheap jokes Scots working in Sweden have complained to the European Commission for Human Rights that jokes about mean Scotsmen in advertising are an insult to the image of their race. A case was put to Strasbourg by the Scottish Group for Civil Rights in Sweden, an organization formed recently of Scots people working there, to protest against Swedish Railways using such a traditional joke in an advertising campaign. It showed two Scotsmen accepting the offer of travel for two for the price of one first-class ticket, while a third hides in the luggage rack. 'We are not against Scots jokes in everyday life,' said Mr. David Webster, a 38-year-old marketing manager working near Stockholm, who helped to form the group. 'There are nationalistic jokes like this in every country. What we don't like is the frequency of such jokes in commercial advertising.' But the commission did not feel that the group had fully explained its case, and has asked for more information on some points before it decides whether the case can continue. 'There is even one group of cut-price shops in the Stockholm area that has changed its name to The Scot,' said Mr. Webster. 'Their motto is, "You can't get it cheaper anywhere else". 'These things are offensive only because they happen so often, we believe.' Apart from the further information demanded by the European Commission for Human Rights, the Scots in Sweden are up against another difficulty. They have so far spent several hundred pounds on their campaign, but voluntary contributions from group members have totaled only £50. Comprehension check 1. What is the advertisement that the Scots don't like? 2. Who have they complained to? 3. What is the name of their organization? 4. What is the point that Mr. David Webster is trying to make? 5. What is amusing in the last paragraph? What do you think? Do you think the Scots were right to go to the European Commission for Human Rights, or do you think they took it too seriously? To some, national stereotypes may provoke racism. To others, national stereotypes are harmless jokes. What is your idea of national stereotypes? Fill in the following questionnaire on your own and later discuss it with other students. You may use: = I agree, = I’m not sure, = I disagree.
Values. A value is the belief that a certain part of life is especially important. Every culture places different emphasis on family, work, religion and love. Some cultures value family loyalty and romantic love. Other cultures emphasize independence from family and hard work. Still others emphasize religion and honor in the community. Individually, think of four values that are important in your culture and four values that you think are important in the United States. Make a list.
Discussion. Share your list with the class and compare it to the lists made by students from different countries (see below). Answer the following questions as a class. Do groups from different cultures choose different values to describe American culture? What are the differences? What do their descriptions of American culture tell you about their own culture? What influence does your own culture have on the way you see people from other cultures? How can you see people from other cultures without a bias from your own culture? ______________________________________________ This is what Italian and Japanese students said about their own cultures and US culture:
A stereotype is a belief that all people from a culture behave a certain way. It is an opinion based on one's own cultural values and prejudices and on little information about the other culture. For example, a woman from a culture that values hard work looks at a people from a fictional land called Zibi. In Zibi, people work at their jobs about five hours a day. So, the woman says, ‘People from Zibi are lazy.’ This is a stereotype because she states that every person from Zibi is the same and it is an opinion based more on the woman's own values than on any thoughtful observation of Zibian values or lifestyle. We make cultural generalizations about different styles of business. This does not mean that every person who lives in a particular culture will do business in a way that fits the generalization. Within each culture there are many choices. There is, however, in every culture a standard way of doing things. The cultural generalizations describe those standards and the values that guide those standards. For example, one could make a generalization about Zibians and say, ‘People in Zibi usually work about five hours a day. They spend the rest of the day taking care of family and farming. Family life is highly valued.’ A generalization is based on observation, not prejudice. It explains the standard practices of a culture but does not determine how every person in that culture behaves. Applying Your Knowledge With a partner, discuss the difference between a stereotype and a cultural generalization. Then read the following statements about the fictional country called Zibi. Decide which are stereotypes (S) and which are cultural generalizations (G). Circle the language that makes some of the statements stereotypes. Zibians are selfish. In Zibi gifts are often presented at the end of a negotiation. It may take two or three days to get an appointment with a Zibian. Zibians never let you know what they are thinking about. They always try to confuse you. In Zibi, many businesspeople invite their colleagues to their homes for dinner to talk about work. Arriving on time in Zibi usually means arriving ten minutes after the agreed time. In Zibi nothing runs on time. It is common in Zibi to discuss every detail of an agreement before signing a contract. In Zibi, all the power in a corporation stays at the top. You can never get a middle manager to make an independent decision. Zibians spend too much time eating. On your own. Resolving cross-cultural conflicts Find any information about a cross-cultural conflict between individuals. You may read / ask about someone’s unhappy travelling experience. Analyze the case. Find more information about the cultures and values involved. Work out recommendations how the conflict should have been resolved. Unit 3 SOCIAL ETIQUETTE If you intend to travel abroad, it is always worth researching the social etiquette of your destination. The etiquette of socializing includes behaviors concerned with gift giving, appropriate conversational topics and more. Religion, social standing, gender and the region can all affect what is considered appropriate, what is normal and what is expected. Small talk What is small talk? Where and why is it used? Learn more about it. Small talk is unimportant important conversation. It is used at cocktail parties, meals, networking events, as pre-meeting activities, etc. It can be used in any situation where you are trying to begin or improve personal relationships. Remember the purpose of small talk is to build relationships. It is not a time for arguing or disagreement. You can use humor in small talk, but be careful to make sure that it is not to anyone’s expense. Small talk is inclusive to everyone, as it often occurs in groups of 2 or more. The art of small talk is learning to speak so that all observers feel included. Another main component of small talk includes listening. Small talk does not mean rambling on and monopolizing the conversation and not allowing others to speak. Listening is often more of the conversation then speaking. It can be a good way to learn the art of small talk, as well as being a part of it. Personal questions Which of these questions are embarrassing, rude, or strange in your country? Are there any other questions which are embarrassing in your country?
We often start conversations with strangers by asking them questions. The table gives some safe ideas.
Match the questions from the table with the answers below. One question may match more than one answer. Suggest more answers on your own.
Ruud Hemper from the Netherlands is visiting a customer in India. He is talking to the Production Manager of a manufacturing plant in Delhi. Listen to the recording of an extract of their conversation. What is wrong with what the production manager says? MANAGER: Is this your first visit here? HEMPER: No, in fact the first time I came was for a trade fair. We began our Southeast Asian operations here at the 1995 Exhibition. MANAGER: Shall we have a look round the plant before lunch? The answer is, of course, that it breaks a 'rule' of conversation. Generally, if you ask a question you should comment on the answer or ask a supplementary question.
Now suggest a better version of the same conversation. There is a recording of a model version. Listen and compare. Remember important rules for successful small talk. Can you add some more rules to the list? The initiator of small talk always hopes his/her questions will elicit more than a one or two-word answer. You need to have a number of questions available in order to find a topic that develops into an interesting conversation. Responder gives full answers – conversation develops positively. Speaking. Provide a suitable sentence in the spaces in the following dialogue. PETER: Have you been to Edinburgh before? JANIS: No, it's my first visit. PETER: a)............................................................................................. JANIS: I'm sure I will. PETER: And ... er, is the hotel all right? JANIS: Yes, it's very comfortable. PETER: b)............................................ So, do you have much time here in Scotland? Are you staying long? JANIS: No, I have to go back tomorrow afternoon. PETER: c)......................................................... You'll have to come back again! JANIS: d)................................................................................................ PETER: So, what time's your flight tomorrow? JANIS: Early evening, 18.35. PETER: Well, I can book you a taxi if you like, to get you there in good time. JANIS: e)………………………………………………………............. PETER: No problem at all. Was it a good flight today? JANIS: No, it wasn't actually. PETER:f)................................................. g)..........................................? JANIS:It was raining – quite hard. There was a lot of turbulence. PETER:h) ……………………………………………………………… Make your own dialogues with a business partner you have just got acquainted with. Hold on for 3 minutes. Speaking. Role-play You are going to do two role-plays. Work in pairs: A and B. Read your information below. Do not look into your partner’s!
Reading. Social customs Every country has its own customs. Read these descriptions of some different social and business customs. Can you identify which nationality group they refer to? Match each description with one of these nationalities.
They are happy to borrow manners and style from anywhere as long as it is useful and, above all, elegant. They love new things; their homes and offices are full of gadgets. Interactive video telephones, high speed trains, and modern architecture cause excitement and shock. They leave work as punctually as they arrive and rarely take work home. They work hard, but statistically they put in fewer hours than fellow Europeans. Lunches and dinners are an important part of a business life. They are used to create personal relationships, and to make sure that the chemistry is right and that people can trust each other. Until coffee is served, they do not discuss business. It is impolite to be exactly on time. For social occasions, this means arriving between ten and twenty minutes after the arranged time. Sometimes invitations specify, ‘7.30 for 8.00’, which means you should not arrive later than 7.50. They regularly work on Saturdays, don’t often take more than a week’s vacation, and count sick days as holidays. The backbone of the economy is the thousands of small and medium sized private firms in the North. Their owners prefer independence, and it is more profitable to keep things in the family, pay workers in cash, and employ people who are officially self-employed, in order to make bigger profits and avoid strikes. Answers: 1– The French; 2 – the Germans; 3 – the Spanish; 4 – the British; 5 – the Japanese; 6 – the Italians. Can you write a description of your nationality? Reading. Do the quiz If you’re doing business with a German, you have to shake hands
In the Middle East you have to give presents to business contacts
If you’re giving a present to your Latin American customer, you mustn’t give
4. If an Indian says ‘come any time’, he or she expects you to
5. You can’t do business in Muslim countries
6. If an American nods his/her head, it probably means
7. At a social occasion with an Indian client,
8. If you’re doing business in Thailand, you must
9. If a Japanese person gives you business card, you have to
10. If you’re in a pub in England, you have to buy a drink
Answers: You have to shake hands when you’re coming or going in Germany, but in Britain you usually only shake hands when you meet someone for the first time. You have to give your present in public in the Middle East to show it’s not a bribe, but it’s good manners to give your present in private in Asia. You mustn’t give cutlery in Latin America because it suggests that you want to cut off the relationship. You mustn’t give food or drink in Saudi Arabia because it suggests you think your hosts aren’t offering you enough to eat and drink. You mustn’t give a clock in China because the Chinese word for clock is similar to the word for funeral. ‘Come any time’ means ‘I want you to visit me’ in India. If you don’t suggest a time and arrange a visit immediately, an Indian will think you are refusing the invitation. But if an Englishman say ‘come any time’, he will think you are bad-mannered if you start fixing a date. Offices are usually closed on Fridays in Muslim countries. Americans usually mean ‘Yes’ when they nod their heads. An English person probably just means ‘I understand’, and an Asian is just showing interest. It’s bad manners to discuss business at a social occasion in India. In Thailand you have to shake hands very gently. It’s not like America where a weak handshake can indicate a weak character. In Japan you have to bow when you meet someone for the first time but in Thailand you have to put the palms of your hands together in a prayer gesture. And you mustn’t touch your head in Thailand. It’s bad manners. You must treat your contact’s business cards with respect in Japan. You have to study them before you put them away and you mustn’t write on them. In an English pub, you have to take your turn to buy a ‘round’ – a drink for everyone in your group. What about your country? Do you have any customs that sometimes surprise visitors from abroad? On your own. Project work Work on a project which can include: making a guide/a manual with useful tips for business travellers to a certain country, or; making a PowerPoint presentation on how to do business in a certain country (or in your country). Unit 4 JUST SMILE! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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