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Электростатика. 3 Электричество и магнетизм 1 Электростатическое поле в вакууме
Теорема Гаусса для электростатического поля в вакууме: поток вектора напряженности электростатического поля в вакууме сквозь произвольную замкнутую поверхность равен алгебраической сумме заключенных внутри этой поверхности зарядов, деленной на 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)
Ответ: 1
3.1.1-11
Дана система точечных зарядов в вакууме и замкнутые поверхности S1, S2 и S3. Поток вектора напряженности электростатического поля равен нулю через...
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gx46LE1HZtba3rlsOH144cnsTM8kJZgMtT7AcGYpF6SMk+0NvbG3QR7BIvLopBzzU1NYZ/ymZD4teKRRQBZrZ1ZTldnjI7O+u9SIRNenp6gi6CA3AKnY+dYHBu0f75eHL08owNs0dHR0MSdNEp7sVsfzRSVVVlP2GSl/dYhDuisrL348eP2OowT721cwscubS09ODBg/fv3zuaf62oqIioVei1Z7YTUGZgYADFbOdJeeXKlbq6Oti4fPmyF1cTIiHr6+u4EbkX+IWFhdYNqbS0VNMTx+JHm2LOzs62H44yhHgV8927d+0cxiYbf/vtN5sh9fr7+0nMUpEXBFMeNmPluguK3tHR4dR5JlS4FLOLl3IHDhxYXl6GXjehmNUObhweMMNDtGCxcq1xZydfuHABxTwzM1NUVOTiDMHiqWd2FCsXBjA2l5uzGxZ197pIsLW1FXQR3CDVMxy6k2QR8+LiIm44DT3BfEhsqjTq7nVhhoVhk5dLVRKYP13qJVz4LIYBN2K2mXXZDPMhSajS6elpi4ynhHd8C4UtHJY/XQY4GJR0ctm4N7NdLATXbMd2YkZOREcvUYEMHwN9fX2nTp0KuhQucS9mm+6ZZrq6unDV5LNnzxLmmoD+mRqccBRYVCCJSOcecyxmQ+IIF1y7dg3FXFVVZSHmoaEhScmokhyWdSTqT8mrV6/KG9kuLi4ePHhQ0skl4VjMQpL0MGO7oaHh4cOHMY+heWxJ4JuC5ubmoAviFanTVGB4qi9mxLtLel1dHdyMjo6OeGImZMAM7Ch6jPhJf39/5LoTl2JGdzkvwDMVvfwTvjBkEZ4Ij/iQWUYZopixzKWYwTz2fm2b4R1o6YUQmCd2RkZGsCWJBBgtPFo4E/PU1BRuiPU0iNc50xyYQFje47/++ivYkoQcTEAfdCnc4EzMwm0P1jmfO3fOnKQqcoOW0KKkge3aeckaGEJi0M/I4UzMMqKrFhcXT09PW1dfVlbW169fhV86SVBSyZrupyDjtNAgk0LMqampwkvw6tUrbG0xFzBjMJe1tTXh100SVFWyxgWxEUteXp6M0/qAMzG7SBdgB4zVFnMBMwvmokZqL59RUsmbm5tSzy+pkfuAMzFLisPAYrXFHDn7mapXGaamppiP8dLSUrCFEUt6errU85uzLEUFZ2IGixf6T0lFAeKNVTDEp0Z6tkdtba0yPpvxkBeKMLpJp5yJmXWhGxsbLCauEKzfOfOjI9KzNWrn2WOZN2wGn0oqXDqNNDc3S3LDhF4lZjBnaJePHj2qr6/X9PZqDo9M8Ka1qnn28A1wFAMe+YBLMcvzqQb7MJ5Kb+pgz9Ono17P4xq+Q56fn/eYrDicsP/Rh6QTUVwL6VjMuEBCRlFsenfyh8EGPFaim09ECIZKC+EDbmFh4c6dOxi8Hj098vLyLl68ePr0afsnYf+mP+8poXg+XEUsjsXMFkjcuHGjs7NTQpESD8ihvTKTsl4nhC3YBxoaGniDc2trKzwBveI9l/GFCNy+eF1CRUVFY2MjCy9jOA8oedeuXUJLGpso+hG7jzTS1dUlScz37t1LGI4brCBDFx2qpiwbQxOHGoOuL6jC8HiPYTKiE/MrHx7Z29vbuMHi1UUIN2KWnczWjphZSbT/N6CUlBQtlEamWAw1D7br8ePHgyoMY+/evTF9EOzfjnfv3j18+JC9UePZvXu3b8681kO28+fPv3jxIrQrVTzFzRb+lshRVioGlGH//v3oNw5FAjvN7HmiACEcG/Pz5wx3z5djx4716ggqmkvA3oy5f3Z2lqWwxhsRhvo34FLMrHN+8ODBL7/8Iqo0MAJ0IWZNTymm/b+WwUiDDWVmdFNTUw1x6sPQjMymGQx0bdpT4ccc5tmcjL60tDRsAQzc98z379+/pSNQzB4HKtDKW1paMEoZRgJeWloKfxpxM+yNuoHAZXzy5Mnp6WnDzsBLJRyDdGMG3+Uzy4YE92IGDYOSNTkuWU+ePLl06ZKLH7bqsH4D8wBGotMYHR2tq6uLOfIE2y9Yh+HNzU2zR/S3b9/EegGGB4MPxeTkZExLJOZvLYxwft3L2bNnx8bGvBeVx9OYWd4SiOrqandiRrAwBQUFGHLono6mO66FKpBde3u7RWYJKGrgMTSvXr1qeIeksO8dCMz+wU5fH/CPA9w+evSo6+DzMfGa0hWGpmjQikqnfOjQIVGe7ujPyAxvTY8TDIDhHdRCoomJiTNnzljkasvIyIAq3bdvn5+ligmbU2QoMw0Rj/Hx8XhfQffAJi9czK7zfTLbFp6AyauY4e5iiur+/v6+vj7vb3qrqqqEhOZmoOE9MzPD6m55eRkrFB4c79+/F3gtMxcvXkw4pQcjNDgmPGN7s0mp3qjYDAt4GC+A5I8fPyx+bqg0OyvJhUdB8Cpm4MuXL+xNr/e73tDQIFbMSFFREZbtxIkTbOoCTABW6VB4GLWyWAhOefz4MabpsAPodnh4WFKgDC8YWuTIyEh5eXlQhfEZFvDQ3X2B4VJlZWVOTg7mOYXuDeyaoaEhi58ID8IlQMya0MEzc9azk4nKBX/++SduGEaDYEF5j+wfDzBbvEwB+EAIX2IHgus2YJhh3aNj/b5deKgPMWLWJEyGdXZ2yhAzo1sHt8+ePWsxXnLEy5cvHa0fCBYwRioqKvg9ySljsNdwQ/gMsxkclso4szAxa3rnhj6VQvTMYnT7QMxbuLGx8fXr18zMTAxjyP9VwAn89u3b9+/f5/ckp4wRHHnJW1zBurqTJ08yJQsPjylSzNDEb926hU3Ey2u01tZW77kmvbNTJ+hSiCc557csaG9vx43BwUHvZ4tXmajn6enpwsJCfHa4y3BugUgxA7/++iuKGazWpqYmd64azc3NYRCzehhkXF1dLeRtYtTBV/0+RCPg1wVp4ZzNNsAsCvuLn+Ihb8l0UjExMVFSUsLvCYM7SkhgjiKTk5M+XxqserE2kXgxa+Imw+QtmU4Snj17VlVVxe8ZGhqipD88OPFZU1MTdEEEIEXMmmc9g4ztv7YlzJgHxisrK1FccC8VVku+OaiOjo7yH7e3twVOpsoSs6Y74mP2UBd6vnbtGop5dXWVmqAjDDKuqKhoa2sLoYNKePAz1md5ebm86UaJYt65cyeMQ3D5mOvJ7ezs7CSfa7WPWcZKBmkQhZ+xPv1Bopg1fYZwaWkpNzfXhUsGZp+SUSr1IP8tp7Bg+irVlVwxa7ofMm44NbZ///13FHN7e3tIotWFEIPvmkpNUyoYTF+x3kK6mDXPk2GNjY0kZjOLi4t8tvFgZRzasFgxYYZMyB3mneKHmDVOzwUFBfbTpoj198ZYBfajjhiSNoUqxxVfNvinApzf4pc9O5J0UI5oSqa5RXwSs/b/qAPxFovGg/mHeoH3msCoI1CSgwcPWvzEsJpcamhhR/AlqaqqGhgYCLAwWqx1fMPDw9avslkQIoNHlJ9g/kPF8E/M79+/d9HNMv9QLx2jwf9J058sFme7ffu2uwtJJYSzXJcvXzbvHBsbsxaz7ATLFrA6VNKP1T8xa7qfTcwo59b4n5zZHIAyWAwyDo8XF4xZzHNItbW1gRQmIawacfZLPXwVc29vL4rZkSxhQAi1j49zGXo293hgg4VEz4ayQQWGyvEwZkgwliZK031+MPIGUl9fLyl5aEKYtdXR0ZGWlhZIGWTjq5g1vdNzEccMap+fDHOaVsq8ppJ/Ihw5ciQzMzM3Nxc6GVw6E7gnKRRmeXmZ3/P06VOpoRpcAzV5/vx5jI9jHsMbvPeCUrKmh3nHDWVcRMz4LWY+u5/TPhbD7mt6vC7oqP/++2+bP2xubgbbDx7J0LN1dXUZVMHCnbJxFHtwQOv0eXrGfLnx8XHXkcn8wXoZsPkuGzL+ySoWh8Iz2Dx+ixno6empq6tz8cNfdPDGgOHt6HGwb9++X3VsHo8NDvpD6KXj5R8SCJ/KCPEhcmiAsHcEspMQakmjZC0QMV+5cgXF7G4ADD/Jy8vD2NpSfRXYaaWKOWnjfvjzb7LZuGSo1QDErHkODIRdlsFUi9bdevLkieFVZxheGqsHTrh6d1WIBMGImQUGysrKcp161+By4IM1tb6+ziIBuz4Di8/MUD5ThAXyXumzaTkYsAjMbRhmghGzpsdDhFHi2tqax/OYvYhwu1rH+9QRf2bQobsnxcLCgjl6W0ZGRmjTdvsG32cKfO8IFc4C0Cs89WAgMDGz+OB79+798uWLx7NhI+ATjvbr4PatW7fsT33FPLM7lpeXMQ2lwHMqhoyq4IOBJ1VVByZmTV/tPDU1JTAg+KtXr3ADHhD8ae/rsI91dXUs/L0MzJkTkfDntVCAxcXF5FSyFqyYWdrbtrY2scEiWVcPZzbPtPXosI9gAINB7mWV5fb29unTp+NF7YdrXblyxfXJCftsbGywZaHJpmQtWDFr+hTu06dPQW+SIr826+B2U1PT4OCgOV/s/Px8o07MM0A3Pj4+np+fn5OTA4P869evl5aWwlDf2t8zJSUFLhSexI7JQNJa14yAxTwwMIAZT6Fbkx2F/K4Ov2dmZqampsY6HTT24fxCv5GRkXgHv3792jpXGCEJPttOcipZC1zMjFOnTvl/D4qKimJOdcKTpbW19eXLl9Y/h16awnqHgb6+PlKyFgYxC08f6R2wEV68eBF0KQhb8OnsQ9J+giJ4MWv/9LwnCPsYQjsFWJIwEAoxM8LTORPhh5RsICxiDqGxTYQZpuSRkZHy8vJgCxMSwiJmgrAJ3yGHf7G3n4RIzNQ5Ewkh09qCEIlZIz0T8RkeHq6srGQfqXmYCZeYNf3lLQYD2L9//8ePH4MuDhEK+A55enqajxlIMEIn5s7OThTzp0+f3r17R7lIk5wbN27wkV6oQ7YgdGLWOGM7Pz+fbp4XNjY2ysrKHIUNzs7ObmlpuXbtmrxS2Sc8WXgiQRjFrP1z8KzR89geMcOYOGVlZeW6jmG/z7cghOk7wk9Ixazp96+9vR0XM9F8WDxses4lHGdubm7W1NQwv0g7F+ro6BAeg9owy6WRjJ0QXjEDd3Soi+Z59uxZVVWVxQGgyd7eXqenTUtLG9Axf1VaWhpzzUm9jmFnSUmJU7d2+I8uXbq0tbVl2E/32imhFjNijpmeVLd5e3v7zJkzFku43KnXPmZxGjK880A5PbrZ5+fn20/6S/BEQMyarl5+VhOby9LSkqqr/ycmJi5cuGAR7TDYhdNjY2OGPfzSJXdMTk7KXtCuPNEQs6a/sgL4NegYKw8UHpKpV4+0tLS0tbVZHBDmEGLxTPT19XVQPjx2d+zYAfcrOzt7RQe6X3pXLJzIiBnBFDOPHz9m061s6hVEHrnwyBb2KhL1/mrXrl2hfQCpR8TEjFzTmZmZ6ejoYNbdLR3N1RyMnzQ0NECx430LXdbQ0JCqwwdCKpEUM1KkA9bdu3fvMBs7ws/ByI6qaxOLOaHi4uLKysrI2RRECImwmBnHjh1j89sGw9UQVVfzJV/54uIiC/gak5SUlB8/fkgtA5GEqCBmHn6iNTMz89u3b4YDanXMP5yeni4oKEhLS3N0ueXl5a6uLjt5yZqbm1tbWx2dnCAcoZqYeQyZnLKysixe9oC5K/bq1P0SPqOymA3ETDc5MTFRUlLi/eQZGRmfP3/euXOn91MRhDuSSMwxOX36dFL5kxEKk+xiJghlIDEThCKQmAlCEUjMBKEIJGaCUAQSM0EoAomZIBSBxEwQikBiJghFIDEThCKQmAlCEUjMBKEIJGaCUAQSM0EoAomZIBSBxEwQikBiJghFIDEThCKQmAlCEf4HKpv92rg3ElMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
| 1: поверхности S1 и S2*
2: поверхность S1
3: поверхность S2
4: поверхность S3
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