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Diana's New JobAlan: Hey Diana, how is your new job going? Diana: Great. I love driving those tourists around. It's one of the best jobs I've ever had. Alan: Where did you take them today? Were you on the bus again? Diana: Yeah, we had them on bus and we took them to the canyon. Alan: Wow, that must have been great. Did you have many people with you today? Diana: There were a few empty spaces, so the bus wasn't full. Alan: Why was that? Diana: I think a few people didn't feel too great today and decided to stay at the hotel. We did too many things yesterday and a lot of people were feeling tired in the morning when we picked them up from the hotel. Alan: Were you the only guide with the tourist group today? Diana: No. Mark was there and he helped me a lot. When he's not there, I have too much to do so I really appreciate it when I'm not alone. Alan: Did you have time for lunch? Diana: We didn't have any time for lunch at all. The tourists had something to eat in the cafe near the canyon entrance but we had to organize the rest of the day with the staff at the park. We had a few minutes just to grab a sandwich later on. Alan: That doesn't seem very fair. You guys work too hard. Diana: They pay us well and the job's enjoyable so we can't complain. Alan: What time did you get back to the hotel? You look exhausted! Diana: We got back at five and then we had a little time with the leader of the tourist group discussing tomorrow's itinerary. Alan: Where are you going tomorrow? Diana: Oh, it's a much easier day tomorrow. We are taking them to the city museum in the morning and then to the aquarium after lunch. I don't think there will be too many problems. Alan: I didn't even know there was an aquarium in the city! Diana: Maybe you should join us tomorrow! Alan: Well, have a nice day and say "hi" to all the fish for me. Diana says her present job is______.the best she has ever had Diana and the leader of the tourist group discussed____ for the next day.the route The tourists got back to the hotel_______ .in the afternoon Diana works_______.with tourists Diana had only a few minutes to___________.eat a sandwich Diana's job is_______.a guide Upon arriving at the hotel Diana discussed the itinerary for the next day with.the leader of the group The itinerary is.a tourist route The Job InterviewJohn: Ah, good morning, Pia Marcotti, isn't it? Pia: Yes, good morning..... John: Oh, I'm John Reeves. I manage the sales department here at Rosco International. You can call me John. Pia: Ok John. John: Have you already been shown around the company? Pia: Yes, I got here at 9am and Suzy gave me a tour of the place. John: And what did you think? Pia: It's a lot bigger than I thought it would be. John: Yes, a lot of people say that. Now we have over fifty people working for us here. Did you bring your CV? Pia: I sent it by e-mail last week. John: Oh yes, of course. I was reading it only yesterday. Now, where is it....ah, here it is, here we are. Pia Marcotti, 26 years old, born in Rome...hmmm...ok, let's see. Where did you hear about Rosco International? Pia: My brother worked for you a couple of years ago and has always spoken well of you. John: Luigi Marcotti, yes I remember him. How long did he work here for? Pia: I think it was about 10 months. Now he's living in the UK. He's been working for a magazine in London for around a year. John: You'll say "hi" to him from me, won't you? Pia: OK, sure. John: Now, tell me something about your work experience Pia. Pia: Well, I worked in the offices of my mother's company when I left university. John: And what sort of company does your mother run? Pia: It's a caterers. She does the catering for weddings, graduations, funerals, that type of thing. John: And how long did you work there for? Pia: About a year or so. They put me on the phones and I was also responsible for all the advertising and our leaflets, business cards and the website. John: So you didn't do any of the cooking? Pia: No ...they kept me a long way from the kitchen. John: So what did you do after that? Pia: Well, I traveled for a little while, mostly in Europe and a little in South America. John: How long did you go traveling for? Pia: Oh, it wasn't too long. Maybe about six months. I had a job that was going to start at the end of the year so I had about six months free, so I thought "why not?". John: Did you have any problems with the languages where you went? Pia: Not really. I speak Italian and Spanish quite well.... John: Oh yes, it's written here on your resume, isn't it? How long have you been studying those languages? Pia: Well, my father is Italian so I am fluent in Italian. I have studied Spanish for about seven years so I can get by pretty well in that too. John: Actually, we do have a lot of business with Sicily so your Italian could be really important. Pia: I would really like the chance to use my Italian for work. John: What did you do when you came back from your travels? Pia: Well, as I said before, I already had another job lined up and that was in a small shoe company just outside town. John: Err...Bradley Footwear, it's called, isn't it? Pia: Bradford Footwear. John: Ah yes, here it is. It says here you worked in their sales department. How long did you do that for? Pia: I was there for three years and I worked in the sales department for two of those three years. John: Did you enjoy the work? Pia: Well, it was fun at the beginning, but it's not a very large company and they only have a few customers in the region, so it got pretty repetitive after a while. That's why working for an international company like yourselves would really interest me. John: OK, let's go and get a cup of coffee and we can continue this conversation afterwards. Pia says the he was also responsible for all the.advertising Pia says he didn't have any problems with wherever he went.Italian and Spanish Pia was also responsible for .leaflets and business cards. Pia says that his father was.Italian John asks Pia to tell him something about his.work experience. Pia can speak quite well.Italian and Spanish Pia says he was kept a long way from the.kitchen John wonders for how long Pia went.travelling Memory Matters by Ilka Bradshaw Our memory, whether long term or short term, allows us to retain and store information. Memory is a mysterious concept, with scientists and doctors still trying to understand how and why it works. Most agree, however, that our memories change and alter over time. Indeed, all of us have bad memories that we are happy to forget. Such memories bring back feelings of shame and embarrassment, pain and hurt, or sadness. But what if we could effectively wipe out or erase such memories? Is it possible to simply «wipe the slate clean” and start afresh? A team of Dutch scientists have discovered a drug that they believe causes bad memories to disappear. During trials, the team created a new fearful memory in 60 volunteers by associating pictures of spiders with a mild electric shock. The team then measured the level of fear this memory created when each volunteer saw the spider pictures again. When the team administered the particular drug to a volunteer before reactivating the spider memory, the team found a clear reduction in that volunteer’s fear level of spiders. The drug effectively reduced the impact of the volunteer’s unpleasant memories. The Dutch scientists are very excited by their findings. At present, doctors commonly use the drug to treat high blood pressure. However, they now think that the drug could also help people suffering from severe trauma. This could include the emotional crisis people experience as a result of a natural disaster, or a shocking event such as a train or plane crash. But behind the Dutch scientists’ delight at this new scientific breakthrough, there are a number of important moral issues. Are we entering new, dangerous and hitherto unexplored territory? Is it right for doctors to have the authority to alter people’s memories in this way? Are painful memories a part of who we are as emotionally intelligent and thoughtful human beings? Many psychologists think that it is important for people to have a choice about how they deal with bad memories. They point out that memory is quite easy to change. Memory, they say, is in fact a malleable concept. Others, however, vehemently disagree. They argue that memory is essential to a person’s identity, and that erasing bad memories takes away an important part of him and how he chooses to act. This school of thought also thinks that it is bad for people to try to forget collective memories that remind them of shameful episodes of the past. As the philosopher, George Santayana puts it, «those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”. What is mainly described in the text?The impact of the drug while treating mental disorders. But behind the Dutch scientists' delight at this new scientific breakthrough, there are a number of.important moral issues The drug discovered by the scientists may treat the following disorders except:Inherited diseases. What is mainly reflected in the text?The drug is against mental disorders. The Dutch scientists think that the drug could also help people.suffering from severe trauma This could include the emotional crisis people experience as a result of a natural disaster, or a shocking event such as or plane crash.a train Find one of the reasons why people get the emotional crisis according to the text?A natural disaster. DALOGUE Sharon: I hear you're off to work in Australia next year Ian. How exciting! Ian: Yeah, that's right. I've got a holiday visa but I'll try and find work while I'm there. S: So how long are you going for then? I: Just for three months or so...but it'll be long enough to test the waterJ'm thinking about emigrating you see. S: Isn't it really difficult to get a permanent visa? I: Yes, it is. Apparently, it's done on a type of points system...they give priority to certain professions...but as a mechanical engineer, I should stand a reasonable chance. S: I guess the other option would be to fall in love with a nice Australian girl. I: Well, you never know... S: Won't you miss England though? I: Well, I'll miss my family and friends of course...but the world's become a much smaller place with the internet and cheap international flights...The truth is I've got itchy feet. S: So you've been bitten by the travel bug, have you? I: Yes, I guess so. It's a spectacular country and life in Australia's supposed to be really laid-back... S: So do you think you'll get on well with the Aussies? I: Yeah, they are really easy-going and they love outdoor life. The thought of doing adventure sports like scuba diving, hang-gliding and windsurfing really appeals to me.... S: The weather will be nice too, won't it? I: Yeah, apparently it can get really hot...really scorching in the summer but I'm sure I'll get used to that. Wouldn't you like to work abroad, Sharon? S: Oh, yeah, definitely. I went grape-picking in the South of France a couple of years back and absolutely loved it.....and of course, now that I'm a qualified nurse, I've got a lot more options. What kind of feelings do the scientists have about their new scientific breakthrough?Delight. Ian says that he will miss when he is away.England On his first visit to Australia, Ian wants to.to test the water Ian loves outdoor activities like.scuba diving, hang-gliding and windsurfing To get a permanent visa and live in Australia is.not easy The easiest way to get Australian nationality is to.marry an Australian Ian thinks he has possibilities of getting a permanent work.fairly good Ian is planning to be in Australia.for about three months Ian has a holiday visa to Australia but he wants to.find a job there 2-вариант ENGLISH GAMES: SQUASH Squash is another of those peculiar English ball games. It was once played only in Britain and its colonies by members of the upper classes. Now it is one of the world's fastest-growing sports. New courts are springing up in almost every corner of the world. A court consists of a square room, in which two players, equipped with rackets have to strike a small rubber ball. When a player strikes the ball, it may rebound from any of the four walls, but it must strike the front wall of the room before it touches the ground. His opponent then has to hit the ball in his turn. The ball must not bounce on the floor more than once before each player hits it; if the player fails to return the ball to the front wall or to hit the ball before it bounces twice, he loses the point. The game is played on the covered court so you don't have to rely on the weather. Moreover, you needn't be a great athlete to play the game. The text describes_____.the rules of the game In squash the players hit the ball_____.in turns Not to loose a point the players should_______.return the ball to the front wall and hit the ball before it bounces twice Squash is played by______.two players Squash is_____.a ball game The text is about______.squash When a player strikes the ball, it may rebound from_______.any of the walls The player loses the point if he_____.fails to strike a ball before it bounces twice AN INTERVIEW WITH JOHN R. LOTT, JR., AUTHOR OF "MORE GUNS, LESS CRIME" Question: What does the title mean: More Guns, Less Crime? John R. Lott, Jr.: States with the largest increases in gun ownership also have the largest drops in violent crimes. Thirty-one states now have such laws—called «shall-issue” laws. These laws allow adults the right to carry concealed handguns if they do not have a criminal record or a history of significant mental illness. Question: It just seems to defy common sense that crimes likely to involve guns would be reduced by allowing more people to carry guns. How do you explain the results? Lott: Criminals are deterred by higher penalties. Just as higher arrest and conviction rates deter crime, so does the risk that someone committing a crime will confront someone able to defend him or herself. There is a strong negative relationship between the number of law-abiding citizens with permits and the crime rate—as more people obtain permits there is a greater decline in violent crime rates. For each additional year that a concealed handgun law is in effect the murder rate declines by 3 percent, rape by 2 percent, and robberies by over 2 percent. Concealed handgun laws reduce violent crime for two reasons. First, they reduce the number of attempted crimes because criminals are uncertain which potential victims can defend themselves. Second, victims who have guns are in a much better position to defend themselves. Question: What is the basis for these numbers? Lott: The analysis is based on data for all 3,054 counties in the United States during 18 years from 1977 to 1994. Question: Your argument about criminals and deterrence doesn’t tell the whole story. Don’t statistics show that most people are killed by someone they know? Lott: You are referring to the often-cited statistic that 58 percent of murder victims are killed by either relatives or acquaintances. However, what most people don’t understand is that this «acquaintance murder” number also includes gang members killing other gang members, drug buyers killing drug pushers, cabdrivers killed by customers they picked up for the first time, prostitutes and their clients, and so on. «Acquaintance” covers a wide range of relationships. The vast majority of murders are not committed by previously law-abiding citizens. Ninety percent of adult murderers have had criminal records as adults. Question: But how about children? In March of this year [1998] four children and a teacher were killed by two school boys in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Won’t tragedies like this increase if more people are allowed to carry guns? Shouldn’t this be taken into consideration before making gun ownership laws more lenient? Lott: The horrific shooting in Arkansas occurred in one of the few places where having guns was already illegal. These laws risk creating situations in which the good guys cannot defend themselves from the bad ones. I have studied multiple victim public shootings in the United States from 1977 to 1995. These were incidents in which at least two or more people were killed and or injured in a public place; in order to focus on the type of shooting seen in Arkansas, shootings that were the byproduct of another crime, such as robbery, were excluded. The effect of «shall-issue” laws on these crimes has been dramatic. When states passed these laws, the number of multiple-victim shootings declined by 84 percent. Deaths from these shootings plummeted on average by 90 percent, and injuries by 82 percent. For other types of crimes, I find that both children as well as adults are protected when law-abiding adults are allowed to carry concealed handguns. Finally, after extensively studying the number of accidental shootings, there is no evidence that increasing the number of concealed handguns increases accidental shootings. We know that the type of person who obtains a permit is extremely law-abiding and possibly they are extremely careful in how they take care of their guns. The total number of accidental gun deaths each year is about 1,300 and each year such accidents take the lives of 200 children 14 years of age and under. However, these regrettable numbers of lives lost need to be put into some perspective with the other risks children face. Despite over 200 million guns owned by between 76 to 85 million people, the children killed is much smaller than the number lost through bicycle accidents, drowning, and fires. Children are 14.5 times more likely to die from car accidents than from accidents involving guns. |