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Question: Wouldn’t allowing concealed weapons increase the incidents of citizens attacking each other in tense situations? For instance, sometimes in traffic jams or accidents people become very hostile—screaming and shoving at one another. If armed, might people shoot each other in the heat of the moment? Lott: During state legislative hearings on concealed-handgun laws, possibly the most commonly raised concern involved fears that armed citizens would attack each other in the heat of the moment following car accidents. The evidence shows that such fears are unfounded. Despite millions of people licensed to carry concealed handguns and many states having these laws for decades, there has only been one case where a person with a permit used a gun after a traffic accident and even in that one case it was in self-defense. Question: Violence is often directed at women. Won’t more guns put more women at risk? Lott: Murder rates decline when either more women or more men carry concealed handguns, but a gun represents a much larger change in a woman’s ability to defend herself than it does for a man. An additional woman carrying a concealed handgun reduces the murder rate for women by about 3 to 4 times more than an additional man carrying a concealed handgun reduces the murder rate for men. Question: Aren’t you playing into people’s fears and prejudices though? Don’t politicians pass these shall-issue laws to mollify middle-class white suburbanites anxious about the encroachment of urban minority crime? Lott: I won’t speculate about motives, but the results tell a different story. High crime urban areas and neighborhoods with large minority populations have the greatest reductions in violent crime when citizens are legally allowed to carry concealed handguns. Question: What about other countries? It’s often argued that Britain, for instance, has a lower violent crime rate than the USA because guns are much harder to obtain and own. Lott: The data analyzed in this book is from the USA. Many countries, such as Switzerland, New Zealand, Finland, and Israel have high gun-ownership rates and low crime rates, while other countries have low gun ownership rates and either low or high crime rates. It is difficult to obtain comparable data on crime rates both over time and across countries, and to control for all the other differences across the legal systems and cultures across countries. Even the cross country polling data on gun ownership is difficult to assess, because ownership is underreported in countries where gun ownership is illegal and the same polls are never used across countries. Question: This is certainly controversial and there are certain to be counter-arguments from those who disagree with you. How will you respond to them? Lott: Some people do use guns in horrible ways, but other people use guns to prevent horrible things from happening to them. The ultimate question that concerns us all is: Will allowing law-abiding citizens to own guns save lives? While there are many anecdotal stories illustrating both good and bad uses of guns, this question can only be answered by looking at data to find out what the net effect is. All of chapter seven of the book is devoted to answering objections that people have raised to my analysis. There are of course strong feelings on both sides about the issue of gun ownership and gun control laws. The best we can do is to try to discover and understand the facts. If you agree, or especially if you disagree with my conclusions I hope you’ll read the book carefully and develop an informed opinion. At the beginning of the conversation the interviewer asks about.______the title of the book John R. Lott mentions all of the following except.illness rate The number of interviewer's questions is________.2 One of the following is not mentioned in the interview.kidnapping John R. Lott argues that the more people obtain permits, the greater is _________in violent crime rates.decline In this interview, John R. Lott argues that.______the more people own guns, the less crime is committed A concealed handgun law is the law that allows adults the right_______ such guns.to carry As a concealed handgun law is in effect the robberies rate declines by ______percent.2 INTERVIEW WITH JON KRAKAUER BT: What are you working on now? JK: I'm six weeks overdue on a piece for National Geographic about going to the heart of Antarctica, to a place called Queen Maud Land, where I climbed with Alex Lowe, who's the best climber in the world. BT: Most people have read Into Thin Air would be shocked to hear that you've gone climbing again since returning from Everest. JK: Well, I came back from Everest with serious doubts about the whole business of climbing, but it's really important to me. I'd give up writing before I gave up climbing. I had this invitation to climb with the best, and to go to this amazing place with these beautiful, huge fins of granite sticking out of the ice that had never been climbed before. It was a once in a lifetime opportunity, and I took it. I committed with a little anxiety, and when I went I had greater anxiety, but it ended up being one of the best trips I've ever done. It was uneventful, the climbing was the kind of climbing I know how to do technical, steep, vertical and overhanging granite. There was nothing higher than 11,000 feet. What kind of sport is mainly pictured in the interview?Climbing. ________and Jon Krakauer took it.It was a once in a lifetime opportunity All of the following points are mentioned in the interview except:Jon Krakauer climbed with Boris, the best climber in the world What is the issue of discussion between the interviewer and Jon Krakauer?Jon Krakauer's climbing experience. What did Jon Krakauer feel while returning from Everest?Serious doubts about the whole business of climbing. What is Alex Lowe like in Jon Krakauer's opinion?Alex is the best climber in the world. What place did Jon Krakauer leave with serious doubts about the whole business of climbing?Everest. Most people have read Into Thin Air______to hear that Jon Krakauer has gone climbing again since returning from Everest.would be shocked POMPEII: DESTROYED, FORGOTTEN, AND FOUND Today many people who live in large metropolitan areas such as Paris and New York leave the city in the summer. They go to the mountains or seashore to escape the city noise and heat. Over 2,000 years ago, many rich Romans did the same thing. Many of these wealthy Romans spent their summers in the city of Pompeii. Pompeii was a beautiful city; it was located near the ocean, in the Bay of Naples. In the year 79 C.E. (Common Era), a young Roman boy, who later became a very famous Roman historian, was visiting his uncle in Pompeii. The boy's name was Pliny. One day looking up at the sky Pliny saw a frightening sight. It was a very large dark cloud. This black cloud rose high into the sky. Rock and ash flew through the air. What Pliny saw was the explosion of the volcano Vesuvius. The city of Pompeii was at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. When the volcano first erupted, many people were able to flee from the city and escape death. In fact, 18,000 people escaped the terrible disaster. Unfortunately, there was not enough time for everyone to escape. More than 2,000 people died. The eruption lasted for about three days. When the eruption was over, Pompeii was buried and forgotten for 1,700 years. In the year 1748 an Italian farmer was working on his farm. As he was digging, he found a part of a wall of the ancient city. Soon archaeologists began to excavate in the area. As time went by, much of the ancient city was uncovered. Today tourists come from all over the world to see the famous city of Pompeii. The text is about _____that was forgotten and found.an ancient city Soon after the city was found out,______began to excavate in the area.archaeologists The city of Pompeii was situated.______at the foot of Vesuvius Pompeii was located in the______.Bay of Naples One day looking up at the sky the Roman boy saw_____.active volcano In fact,________people were saved during the eruption.18,000 The ancient city of Pompeii was uncovered in_______.1748 The eruption of the volcano was________ for a young Roman.a frightful sight Слушание 2016 БЛОК СЛУШАНИЕ 1 Н¥СҚА/ВАРИАНТ Text 1 A Typical Shop Worker’s Desk Shop workers probably have the untidiest desks of all. The desksof shop workers are used for a number of purposes. They often havea computer and telephone to take care of paperwork, but they also usetheir desk as a place to lay their various tools as they work at their differenttasks. In many machine shops, you will also be surprised at howdirty a shop Miker’s desk is! Shop workers have to do a variety ofphysical tasks that often involve greasy equipment. Of course, thegrease from the tools and the equipment dirty the desk as tbeshopworker sits down to do a report or make a telephone call. Shop workersusually don’t dean their desk too often as they know that the desks willjust get dirty the next time they sit down to have a cup of coffee. Text 1 Shop workers often do______work.physical Shop workers usually_____their desks too often.don't clean Shop workers also use their desks to have a_______ .cup of coffee The text is mainly about a shop worker's__________.desk Shop workers' jobs______greasy equipment.involve Shop workers use their desks for______purposes.many Shop workers’_______weren't mentioned in the text.families A shop worker______to do a report or make a telephone call.sits down Text 2 World population growth theory Thepopulation of the world has increased more in modem times than in all other ages of history combined. World population totaled about 500 million in 1650. It doubled in the period from 16504850. Today the population is more than five billion. Estimates based on. research by the United Nations indicate that it will more than double in the twenty-five years between 1975 and the year 2000, reaching seven billion by the turn of the century. No one knows the limits of population that the earth can support. Thomas Malthus, an English economist, developed a theory that became widely accepted in the nineteenth century. He suggested that because world population tended to increase more rapidly than the food supply, a continual strain was exerted upon available resources. Malthus cited wars, famines, epidemics, and other disasters as the usual limitations of population growth. Text 2 Thomas Malthus's theory was accepted in_______.the nineteenth century The earth's population today is____________five billion Thomas Malthus said a continual strain was exerted upon_______resources.available s The approximate world population by 1650___________.500 million; The population of the world________in modern times than in all other ages of history combined.has increased World population doubled in the years between______ 1650-1850 Thomas Malthus is an English____economist The usual limitations of population growth are wars, famines, epidemics, and other disasters Text3 Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo Buonarroti was one of the most famous artists in history. He was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, and a poet. He created some of the world’s most beautiful and most famous paintings and statues. Michelangelo was bom in 1475 in a small Italian town near Florence. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed to Ghirlandaio, a well-known Italian artist He leamtto draw by copying other artists’ paintings. He soon became interested in sculpture, too. At the age of 21, he went to Rome, and began to create the works of art that made him famous all over the world. Michelangelo’s first great work was the Pieta for St Peter’s Cathedral. This statue shows Jesus Christ in the arms of the Virgin Mary after his death on the cross. Michelangelo went to Florence, where he produced his famous statue of David. It is 18 feet high and carved from a solid piece of marble. The Statue is so lifelike that it seems ready to spring into action. We have a copy of this statue in the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum. At the age of 30 he was called to Rome and for the next 30 years he worked there for a succession of Popes. In 1508, he began painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He spent more than twenty years painfully lying on his back on a scaffold, painting the figures and Biblical scenes on half of the ceiling. After a long rest, he completed the second half in about a year. People consider the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel to be one of the world’s greatest and most amazing works of art Michelangelo embodied the perfect multi-talented Renaissance man. His influence on later artists is immense. Text 3 The height of the statue of David is_______eighteen feet high. He began painting the Sistine Chapel in_____1508 He worked for a succession of Popes for______thirty years. Michelangelo Has called to Rome at the age of______thirty Michelangelo's Picta for St Реtеr's Cathedral was his_____work.first great Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel in_______Vatican Michelangelo went to Rome at the age of_____21 Michelangelo painted the first half of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel more than::twenty years Text 4 The tale of Gluskap and the baby Gluskap the warrior was very pleased with himself because he had feu h many battles. He boasted to a woman friend: “Nobody can beat me!" “Really?” said the woman. “I know someone who can beat you. Hjs ^ Gluskap had never heard of Wasis. He immediately wanted to meet him and fighth was taken to the woman’s village. The women pointed to a baby who was sitting^ ^ a piece of sugar on the floor of a teepee. “There, ” she said. “That is Wasis. He is little but he is very strong." Gluskap w,. and went up to the baby. “I’m Gluskap. Fight me!” he shouted Little Wasis looked^? for a moment, then he opened his mouth. “Waaah! Waaah!” he screamed Gluskap ha^ heard such a terrible noise. He danced a war dance and sang some war songs. Wasis кіед louder. “Waaah! Waaah! Waaah!” Gluskap covered his ears and ran out of the teepee. Afe he had run a few miles, he stopped and listened. The baby was still screaming. Gloskap^ fearless was terrified. He ran on and was never seen again in the woman’s village. Text 4 Nobody saw Gluskap again in the woman’s village because_____.he was shocked and terrified from the baby's loud scream Gluskap danced and sang to______stop the baby’s loud scream According to the text Gluskap immediately wanted to meet the baby and fight him because he_______never heard about the baby and the wоman said that the baby could beat him Gluskap was sure with himself that he would win because he_______.was strong and won many battles According to the text Gluskap was________awarrior He boasted about his______.strength The woman showed the baby and said to Gluskap that______.the baby was little but very strong Gluskap danced a war dance and sang some war songs because_______he wanted to stop the baby's terrible shout 2 Н¥СҚА/ВАРИАНТ 2 Text 1 Chocolate Chocolate was invented by Mayan and Aztec people hundreds of years ago- Those the people did not eat chocolate; the cocoa bean was used to make a chocolate drink. ui!, the cocoa bean was brought to Europe. ' In 1824, John Cadbury opened a small shop in Birmingham. One of the items he sold «as cocoa powder to make into drinks. In 1831, he opened a small factory to make cocoa powder. Some time later Joseph Fry invented a way to make chocolate bars, and for the first nine people started eating chocolate instead of drinking it At first only the rich people could ,fjord it Later, as more and more chocolate bars were produced and sold, it became cheaper. Milk chocolate is made by adding milk or milk powder. Cadbury introduced their first milk chocolate bar in 1897. Their most famous chocolate, Cadbury’s Milk Bar, introduced in 1905, has been a best seller in Britain and around the world for nearly 100 years. Text 1 Мayan and Aztec people used to_____drink chocolate The first Cadbury’s store was open in _____and sold______.Birmingham, cocoa powder Mayans and Aztecs invented .___chocolate Many people started to cat chocolate when________ !chocolate became expensive At first, only_______could afford chocolate. the rich people In 1824, John Cadbury________and in 1831 he opened________ .opened a shop, a factory to make cocoa powder Cadbury’s introduced their first milk chocolalc bar In______1897 Cadbury's started selling their most famous chocolalc In 1905 Text 2 Welcome to Wexford History Museum. I’d like to tell you a little about the museum before you start your visit. It was opened in 1923, and the building we’re in was oncc an old school. During your visit you will Jeam all about the history of fishing. Some of the thingj in the museum are over three thousand years old. Our guides will be happy to give you a tour. The twelve-fifteen tour has nearly finished, but there is a tour at one-fifteen, and another one at two-fifteen. They’re every hour from eleven-fifteen until five-fifteen. It doesn’t cost anything to look round the museum by yourself, and it’s only two pounds each for the tour. Now I am sure you will enjoy a visit to our shop, which sells lots of lovely things. For those of you who are on holiday in Wexford, you can buy postcards here. If you need any stamps or envelopes, the post-office is just next to the museum. Our shop also has books on many subjects- history, language, cooking, plants and animals - and there are maps as well You will certainly find lots of ideas for presents. Enjoy your visit today. Text 2 The_______ hour has already finished.12.15 In the museum shop you can buy______ .D) books on history, language, cooking Museum was opened in______ .1923 ._____ times the museum guides give tours a day.D)7 The tours round the museum will_____.cost four pounds for two people Some оf the things in the muicum are_____antique The museum tells the history of_____fishing The museum building was first ______. old school Text 3 Journey to the Arctic Presenter: Today I’m pleased to welcome Professor Pickard onto the show. Professor Pickard has recently returned from a scientific visit tothc Arctic. Tell us, Professor, what were you hoping to find onthis particular journey to the Arctic? Professor: Well, I was there as part of a special research team and we were looking for signs of global warming and how the Arctic ice has been affected. Presenter: And what did you find? Professor: We found that the ice is melting, temperatures are warmer and it is already affecting the animals that live there and depend on the ice for survival. Presenter: Which animals are most affected? Professor: Well, the number of polar bears in the Arctic is going down very quickly. If we don’t do something very soon, these animals will become extinct Presenter: Why these animals in particular, Professor? Professor: As I said, they need the ice for hunting on and the ice is disappearing. Presenter: Not all scientists think global warming is happening. Professor: Very, very few scientists think like this. And those scientists should go to the Arctic and see for themselves. Perhaps, if they see the bodies of polar bears that have died in the water they might understand how important this is. Presenter: Professor, thank you very much for coming on the show. Professor: Thank you for asking me. Text 3 Global warming Is the problem which...most scientists admit Polar bears' survival depends on: the ice The number of polar bears in the Arctic is______reducing quickly The professor went to the scientific expedition to .______look for signs of global warming The professor is sure that these who don't believe in global warming should see themselves_______D) the bodies of dead polar bears in the water- The professor_______the Arctic.was a member of a special research team in The presenter asked Professor Pickard_______.D) what he had found on that journey The danger of global warming is described best of all in the sentence:______The ice is melting, temperatures are wanner and it is already affecting the animals that live there and depend on the ice for survival Text 4 Stories of Great People Balzac, the famous French writer, was a man of great talent. But he himself was рщ of his ability to tell a person’s character by his or her handwriting. He often told his friend, | that he could tell anybody’s character exactly by his handwriting. One day a woman friend brought him a young boy’s exercise book. She said that she 1 wanted to know what Balzac thought of the boy’s character. Balzac studied the handwriting carefully for a few minutes. The woman, however, told him that the boy was not her son and that he might tell her the truth. “All right,” said Balzac. “I shall tell you the truth.” And he said that the boy was a bad, lazy fellow. “It’s very strange,” said the woman smiling. “This is a page from your own exercise | book, which you used when you were a boy.” Marie Twain, the famous American writer, was travelling in France. Once he was going by train to Dijon. That afternoon he was very tired and wanted to sleep. He therefore asked I the conductor to wake him up when they came to Dijon. But first he explained that he was I a very heavy sleeper. “I’ll probably protest loudly when you try to wake me up,” he said to | the conductor. “But do not take notice, just put me off the train anyway.” Then Marie Twain went to sleep. Later, when he woke up, it was night-time and the train was in Paris already. He realized at once that the conductor had forgotten to wake him up at Dijon. He was very angry. He ran up to the conductor and began to shout at him. “I have never been so angry in all my life,” Marie Twain said. The conductor looked at him calmly. “You are not half so angry as the American whom I I put off the train at Dijon,” he said. Text 4 The woman brought______ to Balzac.A young boy’s exercise book. Mark Twain asked the conductor______to wake him up when he came to Dijon Mark Twain woke up and it was_____night-time and the train was in Paris Mark Twain asked the_____to wake him up… conductor. _____ protested angrily when the conductor put him off.American M. Twain was going to the station_____Dijon. Balzac was a____________famous French writer. The conductor forgot to wake______M.Twain |