Carbon углерод compound соединение crude oil
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Unit 1 Предтекстовые упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и постарайтесь запомнить их русские эквиваленты.
Упражнение 2. Переведите слова на русский язык, обращая внимание на префиксы и суффиксы. Normal – normally, intimate – intimately, to process –processing, to separate – separator – separation, to dehydrate – dehydration, to condense – condensable, to recover – recoverable, entrainment – re-entrainment. Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова: Complex, typical, turbulent, process, condensate, separator, separation, dehydration, sulfide, dioxide, operation, type, factor, compressor, selection, location, basic, function, phase. Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1. 1. Natural gases produced from gas well are normally complex mixtures of hundreds of different compounds. 2. Separators are also used in other locations such as upstream and downstream of compressors, dehydration units, and gas sweetening units. 3. At these locations, separators are referred to as scrubbers, knockouts, and free liquid knockouts. 4. Field processing consists of four basic processes: (1) separating the gas from free liquids such as crude oil, hydrocarbon condensate, water and entrained solids; (2) processing the gas to remove condensable and recoverable hydrocarbon vapours; (3) processing the gas to remove condensable water vapour; and (4) processing the gas to remove other undesirable compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide. Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения. TEXT SEPARATION OF GAS AND LIQUIDS Natural gases produced from gas well are normally complex mixtures of hundreds of different compounds. A typical gas well stream is a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of gases and hydrocarbon liquids, intimately mixed with water vapour, free water, and sometimes solids. The well stream should be processed as soon as possible after brining it to the surface. Field processing consists of four basic processes: (1) separating the gas from free liquids such as crude oil, hydrocarbon condensate, water and entrained solids; (2) processing the gas to remove condensable and recoverable hydrocarbon vapours; (3) processing the gas to remove condensable water vapour; and (4) processing the gas to remove other undesirable compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide or carbon dioxide. Separation of well stream gas from free liquids is the first and most critical stage of field processing operations. Composition of the fluid mixture determines what type and size of separator is required. Pressure is another key factor affecting selection of separators. Separators are also used in other locations such as upstream and downstream of compressors, dehydration units, and gas sweetening units. At these locations, separators are referred to as scrubbers, knockouts, and free liquid knockouts. All these vessels are used for the same purpose: to separate free liquids from the gas stream. Separators should be designed to perform the following basic functions:
Послетекстовые упражнения Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и словосочетания и напишите их русские эквиваленты. Gas well, complex mixture, free liquids, to refine, to remove, to process, undesirable compounds, expanding mixture, hydrocarbon condensate, primary-phase separation, crude oil, field processing operation, hydrocarbon liquids, condensable water vapour, upstream and downstream of compressors, high-velocity. Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
Упражнение 7. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу ответ.
a) affecting the type of gas processing. b) affecting the quality of a product gas. c) affecting selection of separators.
a) to refine the gas stream. b) to dehydrate the gas stream. c) to separate free liquids from the gas stream. 4. A typical gas well stream is … a) a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of gases and free liquids, intimately mixed with water vapour, free water, and sometimes solids. b) a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of gases and hydrocarbon liquids, intimately mixed with water vapour, free water, and sometimes solids. c) a high-velocity, turbulent, constantly expanding mixture of gases and hydrocarbon liquids, intimately mixed with water mist, free water, and sometimes solids. Упражнение 8. Составьте аннотацию текста, используя ответы на вопросы упражнения 6. Упражнение 9. Прочтите и переведите текст, пользуясь словарем. Most separators work based on the principle of gravity segregation and/or centrifugal segregation. A separator is normally constructed in such a way that it has the following features:
The centrifugal inlet device makes the incoming stream spin around. Depending upon the mixture flow rate, the reaction force from the separator wall can be up to 500 G of centripetal acceleration. The action forces the liquid droplets together where they fall to the bottom of the separator into the settling section. The settling section allows the turbulence of the fluid stream to subside and the liquid droplets to fall to the bottom of the vessel due to gravity segregation. A large open space in the vessel is required for this purpose. Use of internal baffling or plates may produce more liquid to be discharged from the separator. However, the product may not be stable due to the light ends entrained in it. Sufficient surge room is essential in the settling section to handle slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet. This can be achieved by placing the liquid level control in the separator, which in turn determines the liquid level. The amount of surge room required depends on the surge level of the production stream and the separator size used for a particular application. Small liquid droplets that do not settle out of the gas stream due to little gravity difference between them and the gas phase tend to be entrained and pass out of the separator with the gas. A mist eliminator or extractor near the gas outlet allows this to be almost eliminated. The small liquid droplets will hit the eliminator or extractor surfaces, coalesce, and collected to form larger droplets that will then drain back to the liquid section in the bottom of the separator. A stainless steel woven-wire mesh mist eliminator can remove up to 99.9% of the entrained liquids from the gas stream. Cane mist eliminators can be used in areas where there is entrained solid material in the gas phase that may collect and plug a wire mesh mist eliminator. Упражнение 10. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующее по смыслу окончание.
Упражнение 11. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колон и постарайтесь их запомнить.
Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык и запишите их. 1. Природный газ представляет собой сложную смесь из сотен различных соединений. 2. Типовой газовый приток к скважине – это обладающая высокой скоростью постоянно расширяющаяся вихревая смесь газов и углеводородных жидкостей, однородно перемешанная с водяным паром, свободной водой, а иногда и твердыми веществами. 3. Давление и состав флюидной смеси определяют тип и размер требуемого сепаратора. 4. Сепараторы, устанавливаемые выше или ниже компрессора, сушильной установки и установки для очистки газа от соединений серы называются газоочистителями, ловушками и сепараторами свободной воды. 5. Сепараторы используются для первичного выделения жидких углеводородов из потока газа; очистки первичного отделения путем удаления увлеченного водяного пара из потока газа с последующим удалением увлеченного газа из потока жидкости; отведения сепарированных газа и жидкости из резервуара. 6. Действие большинства сепараторов основано на принципе ликвации по удельному весу и центробежной ликвации. 7. Центробежное впускное устройство вызывает завихрение входящего потока. 8. Осадительная секция сепаратора позволяет затухать завихрению флюидного потока, и капли жидкости выпадают на дно резервуара вследствие ликвации по удельному весу. 9. Использование внутреннего отклонения потока или пластин может производить большее количество жидкости для отведения из сепаратора. 10. Каплеуловитель при установке около газоотводной трубки позволяет практически полностью устранить увлечение небольших капель жидкости, не осевших из газового потока вследствие малой гравитационной разницы между ними и газовой фазой. 11. Стержневой каплеуловитель можно использовать там, где в газовой фазе имеется увлеченное твердое вещество, которое может собираться и засорять сетчатый каплеуловитель. Упражнение 13. Составьте сообщение по теме, используя материал урока. UNIT 2 Предтекстовые упражнения Упражнение 1. Прочтите слова и словосочетания и постарайтесь запомнить их русские эквиваленты.
Упражнение 2. Переведите слова на русский язык, обращая внимание на суффиксы. To manufacture – manufacturer, to limit – limitation, available – availability, to vaporize – to re-vaporize, to place – placement, immediate – immediately. Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите интернациональные слова: Vertical, horizontal, spherical, category, type, specific, selection, factor, characteristic, transportation, occupy, platform, distance, phase, natural, adequate, diameter, section, to minimize, to form, trajectory, normal, plus. Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, используя терминологию упражнения 1. 1. Selection of separator type is based on several factors including characteristics of production steam to be treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and cost. 2. Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate gas/oil ratio well streams and streams with relatively large slugs of liquid. 3. Horizontal separators have much greater gas/liquid interface due to a large, long, baffled gas-separation section. 4. The moisture gas flows in the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away to the liquid collection section of the separator. 5. The liquid level control placement is more critical in a horizontal separator than in a vertical separator due to limited surge space. Прочтите и переведите текст, а затем выполните следующие за ним упражнения. TEXT TYPES OF SEPARATORS Three types of separators are generally available from manufacturers: vertical, horizontal, and spherical separators. Horizontal separators are further classified into two categories: single tube and double tube. Each type of separator has specific advantages and limitations. Selection of separator type is based on several factors including characteristics of production steam to be treated, floor space availability at the facility site, transportation, and cost. Vertical Separators Vertical separators are often used to treat low to intermediate gas/oil ratio well streams and streams with relatively large slugs of liquid. They handle greater slugs of liquid without carryover to the gas outlet. Vertical separators occupy less floor space, which is important for facility sites such as those on offshore platforms where space is limited. Owing to the large vertical distance between the liquid level and the gas outlet, the chance for liquid to re-vaporize into the gas phase is limited. However, due to the natural upward flow of gas in a vertical separator against the falling droplets of liquid, adequate separator diameter is required. Vertical separators are more costly to fabricate and ship in skid-mounted assemblies. Horizontal Separators Horizontal double-tube separators are usually the first choice because of their low costs. Horizontal separators are widely used for high gas/oil ratio well streams, foaming well streams, or liquid-from-liquid separation. They have much greater gas/liquid interface due to a large, long, baffled gas-separation section. Horizontal separators are easier to skid-mount and service, and require less piping for field connections. Individual separators can be stacked easily into stage-separation assemblies to minimize space requirements. In horizontal separators, gas flows horizontally and, at the same time, liquid droplets fall toward the liquid surface. The moisture gas flows in the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away to the liquid collection section of the separator. The baffles need to be longer than the distance of liquid trajectory travel. The liquid level control placement is more critical in a horizontal separator than in a vertical separator due to limited surge space. A horizontal double-tube separator consists of two tube sections. The upper tube section is filled with baffles, the gas flows straight through and at higher velocities, and the incoming free liquid is immediately drained away from the upper tube section into the lower tube section. Horizontal double-tube separators have all the advantages of normal horizontal single-tube separators plus much higher liquid capacities. Послетекстовые упражнения Упражнение 5. Найдите в тексте данные ниже слова и словосочетания и напишите их русские эквиваленты. Production steam, gas/oil ratio well streams, slugs of liquid, facility sites, offshore platforms, skid-mounted assemblies, to ship, foaming well streams, liquid-from-liquid separation, baffled gas-separation section, stage-separation assemblies, space requirements, is critical. Упражнение 6. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски предлогами и переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Horizontal separators are further classified … two categories: single tube and double tube. 2. Selection … separator type is based … several factors including characteristics … production steam to be treated, floor space availability … the facility site, transportation, and cost. 3. Owing to the large vertical distance … the liquid level and the gas outlet, the chance … liquid to re-vaporize … the gas phase is limited. 4. … horizontal separators, gas flows horizontally and, … the same time, liquid droplets fall … the liquid surface. 5. The moisture gas flows … the baffle space and forms a liquid film that is drained away … the liquid collection section … the separator. 6. The upper tube section is filled … baffles, the gas flows straight through and … higher velocities, and the incoming free liquid is immediately drained away … the upper tube section … the lower tube section. Упражнение 8. Составьте аннотацию текста, используя ответы на вопросы упражнения 6. Упражнение 9. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем. Spherical separators offer an expensive and compact means of the separation arrangement. Owing to their compact configuration, this type of separator has a very limited surge space and liquid settling section. In addition, the placement and action of the liquid-level control in this type is more critical. Oil/gas/water three-phase separators are commonly used for well testing and in instances where free water readily separates from the oil or condensate. Three-phase separation can be accomplished in any type of separator. This can be achieved by installing either special internal baffling to construct a water leg or a water siphon arrangement. It can also be achieved by using an interface liquid-level control. The three-phase separation feature is difficult to install in spherical separators because of their limited available internal space. In three-phase operations, two liquid dump valves are required. For a given separator, factors that affect separation of liquid and gas phases include separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream composition. For a given fluid well stream in a specified separator, changes in any one of these factors will change the amount of gas and liquid leaving the separator. An increase in operating pressure or a decrease in operating temperature generally increases the liquid covered in a separator. However, this is often untrue for gas condensate systems. There are optimum points in both cases beyond which further changes will not add to liquid recovery. Computer simulation (flash vaporization calculation) of phase behavior of the well stream allows engineers to find the optimum pressure and temperature at which a separator should operate to give maximum liquid recovery. Sometimes it is not practical to operate at the optimum point. This is because storage system vapor losses may become too great under these optimum conditions. At the wellhead separation facilities, operators tend to determine the optimum conditions for separators to maximize revenue. As the liquid hydrocarbon product is generally worth more than the gas, high liquid recovery is often desirable, provided that it can be handled in the available storage system. The operator can control operating pressure to some extent by use of backpressure valves. However, pipeline requirements for Btu (British thermal unit) content of the gas should also be considered as a factor affecting separator operation. It is usually unfeasible to try to lower the operating temperature of a separator without adding expensive mechanical refrigeration equipment. However, an indirect heater can be used to heat the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke. This is mostly applied to a high-pressure well. By carefully operating this indirect heater, the operator can prevent overheating the gas stream ahead of the choke. This adversely affects the temperature of the downstream separator. Упражнение 10. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный по смыслу ответ. 1. Owing to its compact configuration, spherical separator has … a) a very limited surge space and solid settling section. b) a very limited surge space and liquid settling section. c) a very limited floor space and liquid settling section. 2. Three-phase separation can be accomplished … a) in vertical separator. b) in horizontal separator. c) in any type of separator. 3. In three-phase operations, … are required. a) two liquid dump valves b) two liquid drain valves c) two thick liquid dump valves 4. For a given separator, factors that affect separation of liquid and gas phases include … a) separator specific pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream composition. b) separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and fluid stream composition. c) separator operating pressure, separator operating temperature, and well stream composition. 5. … generally increases the liquid covered in a separator. a) An increase in operating pressure or in operating temperature b) An increase in optimum pressure or a decrease in optimum temperature c) An increase in operating pressure or a decrease in operating temperature 6. The operator can control operating pressure to some extent … a) by use of backpressure valves. b) by use of backpressure control valves. c) by use of blowoff valves. 7. An indirect heater can be used … a) to cool the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke. b) to heat the gas after pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke. c) to heat the gas prior to pressure reduction of pipeline pressure in a choke. Упражнение 11. Подберите из правой колонки соответствующие окончания предложений из левой колонки.
Упражнение 12. Выпишите из правой колонки русские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие английским из левой колонки.
Упражнение 13. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык и запишите их. 1. Существует три типа сепараторов: вертикальные, горизонтальные и сферические. 2. Горизонтальные сепараторы бывают двух видов: однотрубные и двухтрубные. 3. Выбор соответствующего типа сепаратора зависит от характеристик производственного пара, подвергающегося обработке, имеющейся производственной площади, вида транспортировки и стоимости. 4. Вертикальные сепараторы используются для технологической обработки притоков к скважине с низким или средним газовым фактором и потоков, содержащих достаточно большое количество жидкости, без их выброса через газовыпускной патрубок. 5. Благодаря большому вертикальному расстоянию между уровнем жидкости и газовыпускным патрубком, ограничена возможность повторного испарения жидкости в газовую фазу. 6. Горизонтальные сепараторы широко применяются для притоков к скважине с высоким газовым фактором, пенящихся притоков к скважине или сепарации типа жидкость-жидкость. 7. В горизонтальных сепараторах газ течет горизонтально, капельки жидкости падают на жидкую поверхность. 8. Благодаря своей компактности, сферические сепараторы имеют очень маленькое пульсационное пространство и емкость для осаждения жидкости. 9. Трехфазные сепараторы для отделения воды от газа и нефти обычно используются для опробования скважины тогда, когда свободная вода легко отделяется от нефти или конденсата. 10. Трехфазная сепарация осуществляется либо путем создания специального внутреннего отклонения потока для получения водяного столба, устройством в виде сифонной трубки, либо использованием регулятора уровня жидкости на поверхности раздела. 11. Факторами, влияющими на разделение жидкости и газовой фазы, являются рабочее давление сепаратора, рабочая температура сепаратора и состав флюидного потока. 12. Увеличение рабочего давления или уменьшение рабочей температуры обычно вызывает увеличение количества жидкости, находящейся в сепараторе. Упражнение 14. Составьте сообщение по теме, используя материал урока. МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ для организации самостоятельной работы студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 131000 «Нефтегазовое дело» (профиль «Эксплуатация и обслуживание объектов транспорта и хранения нефти, газа и продуктов переработки») по дисциплине «Английский язык» очной формы обучения Составители: Артемова Ольга Григорьевна Сафонова Ольга Евгеньевна Мальцева Наталья Александровна Юрова Галина Ильинична В авторской редакции Компьютерный набор О.Г. Артемовой Подписано в печать 17.12.2012. Формат 60х84/16. Бумага для множительных аппаратов. Усл. печ. 1,7 л. Уч.-изд. 1,5 л.. Тираж 50 экз. «С» Заказ № ФГБОУ ВПО «Воронежский государственный технический университет» 394026 Воронеж, Московский просп., 14 |