Grammar exercises (Упражнения по грамматике). Grammar exercises
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May, MightExercise 1. Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb may/might. 1. Under the law you are allowed to make one photocopy for your personal use but you can't make multiple copies. 2. This is possibly the reason why they have refused to join us. 3. Perhaps I will have to take her to hospital; it is possible she has broken her arm in the accident. 4. It is possible he did not have her phone number. 5. When the World Cup was shown on TV, I was allowed to stay up late and watch it. 6. Perhaps your friend will help you, but I don't believe it. 7. Maybe they did not know that the problem was so urgent. 8. Would you mind my smoking here? 9. Why didn't you come? I needed your help badly. 10. Perhaps she has made a mistake, but I am not sure of it. She is a very punctual person. Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with may/might or can/could and make all necessary changes. 1. You ____ (warn) me about it beforehand. 2. The weather is changing. It ___ (start) raining. 3. No, he ___ (not hear) your name. We tried to speak in a whisper. 4. He ___ (not hear) your name. That's why he did not say anything. 5. She ___ (not notice) us. We were standing too far away. 6. She ___ (not notice) us though we were standing beside her. 7. ____ I use your name as a referee? 8. She ___ (not hear) the news, that's why she looks as if nothing had happened. 9. She ___ (not hear) the news, nobody ____ tell her about it. 10. The professor says that I ____ (rewrite) the essay. 11. ____ I use your phone? 12. He (help) them when they were in trouble. 13. ____ he (say) it? No, it's not like him. He is a man of few words. Exercise 3. Choose the right variant. 1. I don't like the way you study. I think you ____ harder!
2. Let's wait a little. He ____ .
3. She ____ of the plan herself. Somebody has suggested it to her.
4.'They ____ our telegram, that's why they did not meet us.
5. She ____ my letter! — Don't be so angry with her. She ___ it by mistake.
6. He ____ it. I don't believe you.
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs making necessary changes (you may have several variants). 1. He is in the garden. He ____ (read) a newspaper in the summerhouse. 2. Her son ____ (get) into trouble yesterday. I've seen him today and he looked quite happy and gay. 3. I don't remember him well but it seems to me he ____ (be) in charge of the Finance department last year. 4. He ____ already (get) used to driving on the left. He has been living in London for a year. 5. He ___ (receive) an emergency call, that's why he is out. 6. They ____ (not take up) this problem. It has already been solved. 7. Where is Mr. Black? — He ____ (receive) a foreign delegation. They ___ (come) at two o'clock. 8. Why haven't the Smiths arrived yet? — They ____ (lose) their way. They don't know the road well; 9. You ____ (introduce) me to your wife long ago. 10. He ____ (buy) a new car. He is deeply in debt. 11. He ___ (buy) a new car, but I am not sure. 12. They ____ already (arrive). Look, the windows are open. 13. Where is John? — He ___ (smoke). in the corridor. 14. I think for your children's sake you ___ (do) it. 15. You ____ (buy) this book for me. You know I have wanted to have it. 16. A wife ___ (obey) her husband, the Bible says. 17. You ____ (wait) for me, I knew the road well and found my way myself. 18. Judging by his papers on the writing table he ____ (work) for several hours. 19. ____ it (be) Nick? He has changed a lot. 20. They ____ (not know) of the plane's delay, otherwise they did not come at 2 o'clock. Exercise 5. Find and correct the mistakes if any. 1. I must not dress in my best. When I came, everybody was wearing jeans and T-shirts. 2. He must have known that she needed his help. 3. He had to have an accident in the thick fog. 4. You should phone her long ago. I am sure she is looking forward to your call. 5. With your knowledge of the language you may read the article. 6. I may not imagine Mary teaching students. She used to be so impatient. — You know time changes people. She is able to become quite different. 7. I am sure you might have done it much better. You did not try. 8. I was so angry, I must have thrown my boot at him. 9. May you do me a favour, please? 10. May I ask you to do me a favour, please? Exercise 6. Translate into English using the modal verbs. 1. Что здесь происходит? Не могли вы бы вы сказать, в чем дело? — Должно быть, полиция ловит опасного преступника (criminal), и поэтому здесь нельзя пройти. 2. Он мог бы объяснить мне с самого начала, как это важно. 3. Тебе следует поторопиться. Мы можем опоздать. 4. Какой скучный фильм я посмотрел! Не стоило ходить в кино, я мог бы посмотреть что-нибудь по телевизору. 5. Тебе следовало бы сесть на диету (go on a diet) еще полгода назад. Посмотри на себя! Ты поправилась (gain) на 3 килограмма. Тебе нельзя есть сладкое. 6. Неужели она потеряла мой номер телефона? 7. Почему он молчит (keep silence)? — Может быть, он не расслышал ваш вопрос. Не могли бы вы его повторить? 8. Ты должен уважать (respect) своих родителей. 9. Наверное, он сегодня не придет. Уже восемь часов, а он должен был прийти в семь. 10. Вряд ли они уже вернулись. Они там впервые и могут задержаться (stay long). The Infinitive Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the Infinitives. To explain this simple fact is not so very easy. We are to study the main laws of physics. The author was to read a paper at the conference. The next step will be to produce a diagram of the system. Glass which is to be used for lenses must be almost colourless. The exact level is hard to calculate. The books by Pawling are interesting to read. The experimental results are few and not easy to interpret. He must have found out about the conference from the newspaper. The explosion must have occurred long ago. There are some other properties of water to be considered at this point. There is a particular question to be discussed at length. There will be six independent elements to be determined. There is not very much experimental data on which to base a decision between these two possibilities. The amount of polonium to be obtained from a uranium mineral can be simply calculated. There are some other groups of compounds to be mentioned. Joule was the first to note definitely this phenomenon. There are only a finite number of wave numbers to characterize electronic states. Most of the nuclear reactions to be studied are of this type. Polonium was the first of the radioactive elements to be isolated by the chemists. This theory will be adequate for practical applications through centuries to come. These methods are to be described in the next chapter. The methods that are to be described next were widely used. The methods to be described are used in our laboratory. The experiment is to be carried out in our laboratory next month. We hope that the experiment to be carried out in our laboratory will provide new and reliable data. Thе experiment which is to be carried out in our laboratory will last for ten or eleven hours. This is the first factor to be taken into consideration. Many examples of this anomalous behaviour are to be found in literature. Here is one more important point for the speaker to explain. He seems to know this rule well. They are likely to come here. I was not able to write my test. It proved to be too difficult. The experiment turned out to be more timetaking than could be expected. I happened to be out when he called. The guests are likely to arrive soon. The new method is believed to have given good results. All students are supposed to know Newton's laws of mechanics. The result is expected to agree with theoretical predictions. The Greeks seem to have manufactured the first lens. Such reaction was not observed to happen. There does not appear to be an agreement between these results. They can hardly be said to have discovered this phenomenon. Dr. Irmes was expected to report his new discoveries. Exercise 2. Open the brackets and choose the Infinitive in the Active or Passive Voice.
Exercise 3. Change the sentences according to the examples. A Example: It is simple to solve this problem. – This problem is simple to solve. It is difficult to speak to such people. – Such people are difficult to speak to.
B Example: He came to the party the last. – He was the last to come to the party.
C Example: It was the best time when she could find them at home. – It was the best time for her to find them at home.
Complexes with the Infinitive Complex Object Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian 1. There’s some information I want you to obtain. 2. He likes to see them work. 3. I don’t want them to say anything to me. 4. James watched her go. 5. I was dusting the saloon, and I saw him pass, and his face was white. 6. He let them go. 7. He saw the pain come into Jawson’s eyes. 8. We’ve often heard him whisper something to himself. 9. You can’t expect all people to take your words for granted. 10. Every one considered John Spenlow just the person to represent the firm. 11. He didn’t notice Mary approach them from behind. 12. We’ll make him come 13. You shouldn’t let the boy eat so much chocolate. Exercise 2. Match two parts of the sentences.
They can’t afford 3. Are you fit enough c) to have a holiday. 4. To spend too much d) to ask for help. Money 5. To err is human, e) to post it? 6. Don’t hesitate to phone f) to see how she is me 7. The weather is fine. g) to try and keep her weight down. 8. The letter is urgent. h) if you need help. Could you remind me 9. I am sure, she is OK. i) would be foolish. We could telephone 10. Who allowed you j) to take part in the competition? 11. She is too proud k) to forgive divine. 12. Ann is tired. She is l) to go out very much. Eager Exercise 3. Make up sentences with Complex Object with the Infinitive 1. speak, I, have, heard, of his boyhood, never, him. 2. about something I, quite different, me, you, want, to tell. 3. what, this, her, say, made? 4. without, her; let, my sister, go, a word. Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences.
Exercise 5. Open the brackets and use the Complex Object. Example: He expected ( they, arrive) at 5. – He expected them to arrive at 5.
Exprcise 6. Combine the sentences using the Complex Object. Example: I did not see him. He entered the house. – I did not see him enter the house. I saw him. He was entering the house. – I saw him entering the house.
Exercise 7. Change complex sentences into sentences with the Complex Object.
Exercise 8. Open the brackets and use the proper form of the Complex Object.
Exercise 9. Paraphrase the following using complex objects with the Infinitive. Example: She watched how he went She watched him go.
Exercise 10. Read the first sentence and write a second sentence from the words given Example: Jill didn’t have any money. She /want/Ann /Iend/ her/ some She wanted Ann to lend her some. 1. Tom’s parents were disappointed when he decided to leave home. They / want / Tom / stay with them. 2. Please don’t tell anyone that I’m leaving my job. I / not / want / anyone / know. 3. There’s a football match next Saturday between England and Scotland. You / want / Scotland / win? - 4. Unfortunately someone had told Sue that I was going to visit her. I / want / it /be a surprise. Complex Subject Exercise 11. Translate the following sentences. 1. The head-mistress is expected to make a speech at the farewell party. 2. The picture that has no signature is believed to have been painted by Repin. 3. After the Romans left England in 409 A.D.*, London appeared to have been more or less deserted for about a hundred years. 4. He seemed to be enjoying the performance. 5. No man of science is likely to achieve anything great unless he is prepared to follow the truth wherever it leads him. 6. There seems to be no one who would be indifferent to the theatre. 7. The artist is thought by most people to be a genius. 8. Nothing seems to have changed. 9. It seemed simpler to call here than to ask him to visit me. 10. However, lying on your couch seems to have relieved the discomfort. Exercise 12. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use a construction with the complex subject. A.They are expected to arrive tomorrow. 1. It is expected Peter will establish a record tomorrow. 2. It is known Mr. Evans will deal with the matter. 3. It is said Bill prefers boating to swimming. 4. It is believed Ann’s son is a promising physisist. B.1. She was seen so: she entered the garden through a side gate. 2. The phone was heard: it was buzzing in the next room. 3. The plane was watched: it climbed gracefully and disappeared in the white clouds. 4. It was heard: the taxi was giving repeated signals down in the street. 5. Jimmy was heard so: he shouted something to the people on the bridge. Exercise 13. Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive. A 1. Предполагают, что река течет в этом направлении. 2. Говорят, у него детство было очень трудным. 3. Кажется, она сделала это специально для вас.
B
C
Кажется он знает географию лучше, чем другие. Их планы, вероятно, в будущем изменятся. По-видимому я вас не понимаю. Мне кажется, я вас неправильно понял. Exercise 14. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject. Example: He is thought (study) now. – He is thought to be studying now.
Exercise 15. Open the brackets and use the Complex Subject. A Make sentences in bold type less definite and express one’s uncertainty of the following. Example: Do you remember his name& – Unfortunately, I don’t remember his name. – I don’t seem/appear to remember his name.
B Change your sentences using the verb happen with the verbs in bold type. Example: Do you know Mr. Brown? – Do you happen to know Mr.Brown?
C Change your sentences using verbs turn out or prove. Example: He know Mr. Brown. – He turned out/proved to know Mr. Brown.
Exercise 16. Make up sentences. 1) To be delivered, on Saturday, the letter, is expected. 2) We, the job, right away, are supposed, to do. 3) Was found, behaviour, Nora's to be suspicions, son. 4) Company, to be pleasant, was considered, Constance. 5) Today, to be announced, the news is expected. 6) Your team, to win, the game, was expected. 7) To have mode, our head engineer, an important discovery, was known. Exercise 17. Choose the right variant. 1. The rain seems ____. Call the children in. I don’t want them ___. a) to be, to be got wet through b) to be starting, to get wet through. c) to have started, to have got wet through d) to have been started, to be getting wet through 2.The English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts, is known ___ by the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620. a) to be established b) to have established c) to have establishing d) to have been established 3. Look, they are likely ___ to the news. They seem ____. a) to be listening, to be excited b) to listen, to be excited c) to have been listening, to have excited d) to have listened, to be being excited 4. He is sure ____ a liar. Everybody heard him ____ that in so many words. a) to be, to say b) be, say c) to be, say d) be, to say 5. When I came in, the discussion seemed __ to an and. They appeared ___ patience because they turned out ___ for it. a) to have been coming, to have losing, be ready b) to be coming, to be losing, not to be ready c) to come, to lose, to be ready d) to have come, to have lost, not to be being ready 6. Jack, you seem ___ too fast. The speed is already 100 miles. I am afraid. I want you ___ the speed till 40 miles. a) to have driven, slow down b) to drive, to slow down c) to be driving, to be slowing down d) to be driving, to slow down Exercise 18. Translate into English using the Complex Subject.
Exercise 19. Translate into English using the Complex Object. 1. Я не ожидал, что этот полицейский будет таким невежливым (impolite) человеком. 2. Мы бы хотели, чтобы вы доставили (deliver) товары к концу июня. 3. Я ожидал, что ее пригласят туда. 4. Они не ожидали, что его спросят об этом. 5. Я слышал, как его имя несколько раз упоминалось на собрании. 6. Он не заметил, как мы подошли к нему. 7. Вы выдели, как они над чем-то смеялись? 8. Мы не ожидали, что об этом объявят (announce) по радио. 9. Мне хотелось, чтобы она сказала нам, что она будет делать сегодня вечером. 10. Я думаю, что сегодня вы услышите, как она поет. 11. Когда он услышал, что его сын плачет, он встал и пошел в детскую комнату (nursery). 12. Я бы хотел чтобы никто не брал мои вещи. Exercise 20. Open the brackets and write the correct form of the Infinitive.
a) to examine b) to be examined c) being examined 2. There are a lot of people who expect your country ___ the same as their own. a) not to be b) not being c) not be 3. Did you hear the chairman ___ an announcement? a) to make b) making c) be made 4. When I was waiting in the hall, I saw a girl ___ with a file in her hand. a) came out b) to come out c) come out 5. Nobody expected the president of the company___to the party. a) coming b) to come c) come 6. I saw him ____ round the corner and ____. a) turn, disappear b) to turn, to disappear c) turning, disappearing 7. She noticed the children____ behind the tree but pretended to see nothing. a) hiding b) to hide c) to be hidden 8. I want his article ___in November. a) to publish b) to be published c) publishing 9. He did not expect her ___ about it. a) to be asked b) ask c) interrupt The Verbals. Ex. 1. Read and translate the following sentences into Russian. Analyze the use of the Verbals.
GERUND Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the function of the Gerunds.
Exercise 2. Use the required form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English. Эту книгу стоит прочесть Эту выставку стоит посетить. Эту еду стоит попробовать. Вы не возражаете если я выключу телевизор? – Нет. Она не возражает если мы пойдем на ярмарку? Вы не возражаете если мы попробуем ваше печенье? Они не возражают если я открою окно? Я не могу не пригласить вас на ярмарку. Он не может не рассказать эту историю. Нельзя было не рассмеяться при виде лорда Б., переодетого в женское платье. Я настаиваю на том, чтобы пойти туда сейчас. Этого нельзя избежать. Никто не рискнул задать этот вопрос. Какой смысл делать это? Этот факт нельзя отрицать. Мы против того чтобы упоминать этот факт. Об этом не стоит спорить. Нам надо выслушивать твои жалобы. Я не привык спать днем. Он не привык чтобы с ним так обращались. Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English, use them in situations of your own. Извините что я вас прерываю. Будьте любезны, дайте мне… Вы не возражаете если я буду читать здесь? Я не могу не рассказать вам эту историю. Я боюсь туда идти. Ей это удалось. С нетерпением жду вас. Туда стоит съездить. Ex. 2. Use the Gerund instead of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
Ex. 3. Use the Gerund instead of the Infinitive and translate each sentence into Russian. Example. Peter has given up (to smoke). Peter has given up smoking. 1. Philip has finished (to pack). 2. We all enjoy (to travel). 3. This door needs (to paint). 4. My transistor wants (to fix). 5. Will you please go on (to play the piano)? 6. I don't mind your (to do this work). 7. Nick is sure of his (to come here in time). 8. Thanks for (to bring the book). 9. Are you fond of (to watch TV)? 10. We look forward to (to see you soon). 11. We were all pleased with her (to sing). 12. I can't help (to laugh at his jokes). 13. It's no good (to look for it now). 14. It's worth (to see this play). 15. There's no use (to worry about these things). Ex. 4. Combine the sentences using the Gerund. Example. Post a letter. First stick a stamp on the envelope. Before posting a letter stick a stamp on the envelope. 1. Get on .the train. First buy a ticket. 2. Make a conclusion. First explore the problem carefully. 3. Enter the office building. Show your pass. 4. Buy a suit. First try it on. Ex. 5. Make up sentences using the Gerund. E x a m p 1 e . He wrote some letters and then went out. After writing some letters he went out. 1. She laid the table and then brought in the tea. 2. The boys lay on the beach and then had a swim. 3. We visited the museum and then went to a tea-shop. 4. He packed and then went to the airport. Ex. 6. Practise in using the Gerund. Compose flashes of conversation according to the model. Work in pair. e x a m p l e 1. Somebody invited you to a party. A. Thank you very much for inviting me to the party. B. It's so nice you could come. (You're welcome.) 1. Somebody assisted you with your English. 2. Somebody helped you to arrange a visit. 3. Somebody treated you with sympathy when you were in trouble. 4. Somebody let you know about a press-conference. E x a m p l e 2. A. You are late. B. Excuse my being late. (Excuse me for being late.) 1. You've missed the speaker's point. 2. You've interrupted a person. 3. You didn't follow the teacher's explanations. 4. You ask someone an embarrassing question. E x a m p l e 3. you can make a living by (to write, to paint, to teach, etc.). You can make a living by writing (by teaching, by painting, etc.) 1. you can keep healthy and fit (to walk much, to consult the doctor regularly, to diet, to go in for sports, etc.); 2. a person can enjoy (to read, to go to concerts, to visit museums, to collect stamps, etc.); 3. you are good (not good) at (to play tennis, to learn foreign languages, to swim, to play chess, etc.) Ex. 7. Insert prepositions in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
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