Н. В. Моина ю. Б. Генина т. В. Шульженко чтение английской научнотехнической литературы
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Prosthetic DevicesProsthetic devices are artificial components designed to replace a part of the human body that is missing, either due to accident or a birth defect. When discussing prosthetics, many people think only of artificial arms and legs. However, there are other types of prosthetics that are in common use, such as dentures. The exact origin of prosthetic devices is not known. There are evidences dating back to ancient Egypt of hands, arms and feet being fashioned to take the place of limbs lost during wars or due to accidents. In some cases, the prosthetic devices were mainly aimed at providing function and did not bear much resemblance to the body part they replaced. However, other devices were created that focused more on appearance and less on function. In modern times, prosthetic devices come in many different forms. Dentures were once prepared using wood and other products. While functional, they did not necessarily provide the appearance of a set of healthy teeth. Today, partial and full denture plates are often indistinguishable from real teeth. Advances in technology have also made it possible to design custom dentures for a more comfortable fit as well as a superior appearance. The progress of artificial limbs can be seen over the centuries. From a simple wooden peg to the intuitive prosthetic legs of today, technology has made wearing and operating prosthetic devices of this type much easier. One of the most cutting-edge technologies used to control prosthetic limbs is called targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) and was developed by Dr. Todd Kuiken at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. To understand TMR, you need to know some basic physiology. Your brain controls the muscles in your limbs by sending electrical commands down the spinal cord and then through peripheral nerves to the muscles. Now imagine what would happen to this information pathway if you had a limb amputated. The peripheral nerves would still carry electrical motor command signals generated in the brain, but the signals would meet a dead end at the site of amputation and never reach the amputated muscles. In the surgical procedure required for TMR, these amputated nerves are redirected to control a substitute healthy muscle elsewhere in the body. For example, the surgeon might attach the same nerves that once controlled a patient's arm to a portion of the patient's chest muscles. After this procedure, when the patient attempts to move his or her amputated arm, the control signals traveling through the original arm nerve will now cause a portion of chest muscles to contract instead. This is valuable, because the electrical activity of these chest muscles can be sensed with electrodes and used to provide control signals to a prosthetic limb. The end result is that just by thinking of moving the amputated arm, a patient causes the prosthetic arm to move instead. If electrodes can sense the electricity caused by muscle contractions, why can't they just go to the source of the information and measure the electrical signals carried in the nerves, or even the brain? The answer is that they can, but recording from the brain and nerves is more challenging for several reasons. For example, electrical signals in the brain and nerves are very small and hard to access. The field of neural interfacing is dedicated to developing ways to listen and communicate with the brain and nerves. As an example of neural interfacing technology, scientists can implant micro-scale electrodes in the brain to listen in on brain activity. When the patient mentally tries to move his or her amputated limb, the microelectrodes can intercept motor command signals generated in the brain, and these signals can then be used to control a prosthetic device. One exciting implementation of this technology comes from Dr. Miguel Nicolelis lab at Duke University. Remarkable video footage documents the ability of monkeys implanted with microelectrodes to use their thoughts to control a prosthetic arm to feed themselves on snacks. Future advances in neural interfacing will allow artificial devices to more effectively stimulate the nerves or brain in order to restore a sense of touch and allow patients to feel their artificial limb. This capability will go a long way in closing the gap between prosthetic limbs and the natural limbs they're designed to replace. These types of technological innovations are just some of the examples that show how the field of prosthetics is constantly advancing. While the challenges are great, remarkable progress has been made over the past few decades, and dedicated researchers around the globe are working each day to make prosthetic limbs as close as possible to the real thing. |