Технологичская надежность. Современные тенденции модернизации буровых установок
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Заключение В ходе данной выпускной квалификационной работы рассматривались основные блоки буровой установки, также предельно рассмотрены состав и комплектность основных узлов буровой, также методы модернизаций буровых установок в современных реалиях, из чего был сделан вывод, что существующая система имеет огромные возможности в усовершенствовании буровых установок отечественных и зарубежных производителей. Также рассмотрены основные инновации техники нефтегазовой отрасли: автоматизированные приемные мостки; система спуска ОК; ГКШ–8000; механизм захвата свечей; наклонные буровые установки; системы обогрева буровых. Также на примере буровой установки гидравлического типа серии HH, разработанной кампанией Drillmec, рассмотрены основные введенные новинки для улучшения эффективности буровой, снижения стоимости бурения и уменьшения воздействия на окружающую среду. Современный уровень развития технологий позволяет многие операции производить в удаленном режиме, но большинство компаний предпочитают производить работы по уже отработанной схеме и не вносить никаких изменений, тем самым упуская возможную выгоду. Снижение численности работников на буровой – это не только экономия средств на заработной плате и транспортировке, но и минимизация рисков, ведь просто нахождения на опасном производственном объекте подвергает жизнь и здоровье работников опасности. В связи с этим, предлагается повсеместное внедрение дистанционных центров сопровождения бурения, что позволит сократить партию по ННБ и телеметрии с четырех до двух человек, передача функции сервиса по долотному сопровождению сервису по ННБ и телеметрии. 112 Научная новизна моей работы заключается в разработке авторской классификации направлений модернизаций буровых установок на нефть и газ. Практическая значимость заключается в том, что результаты моей работы могут быть использованы компаниями недропользователями, производителями бурового оборудования, а также буровыми и сервисными компаниями. В приложении Б представлены способы модернизаций буровых установок на нефть и газ. 113 Список использованных источников 1. Башмур К.А., Костоустова Е.В. Обоснование экономической эффективности модернизации буровой установки. – 4 с. 2. Положение компании. Порядок взаимодействия с подрядными организациями в области промышленной и пожарной безопасности, охраны труда о окружающей среды. – Москва 2019. – 73 с. 3. Руднева Л.Н. Организация и управление деятельностью бурового предприятия в условиях сервисного обслуживания. Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: ТюмГНГУ, 2010. – 166 с. 4. Буровые комплексы. Современные технологии и оборудование / под ред. А.М. Гусмана и К.П. Порожского. – Екатеринбург: УГГА, 2002. – 592 с. 5. Абубакиров В.Ф., Архангельский В.А., Буримов Ю.Г., Малкин И.Б. Буровое оборудование: справочник: в 2 т. – Т. 1. – М.: Недра, 2000. 6. Проталов В.Н., Султанов Б.З., Кривенков С.В. Эксплуатация оборудования для бурения скважин и нефтегазодобычи: учебник. – М.: Недра, 2004. 7. Баграмов Р.А. Буровые машины и комплексы: учебник. – М.: Недра, 1988. – 501 с. 8. Денисов П.Г. Сооружение буровых: учебник. – М.: Недра, 1989. 9. Ильский А.Л., Шмидт А.П. Буровые машины и механизмы: учеб ник. – М.: Недра, 1989. – 396 с. 10. Макаев Р.Р. Модернизация буровых установок для бурения на нефть и газ. – ТИУ 2016. – 34 с. 11. Булычев С.Ф. Модернизация бурового оборудования. – РГУ 2020. 368 – 372 сс. 12. Эпштейн В.Е., Спектор С.Я., Порожский К.П. Новые технологии и основные пути совершенствования действующих буровых установок. – УГГУ 2011. – 30 с. 13. Сотникова Е.А., Иванова О.А., Родькина А.В. Перспективные 114 буровые установки для освоения шельфа морей России. – СГУ 2020. 2017 – 137 с. 14. Буровое оборудование: Справочник, Т.1. / В.Ф. Абубакивов, Ю.Г. Буримов, А.Н. Гноевых и др. – М: Недра, 2003. – 494 с. 15. Мищенко В., Добик А. Мобильные циркуляционные системы для капитального ремонта скважин // Бурение и нефть. – 2005. - №5. – с. 26- 27. 16. Гринев В.Ф., Липатов С.В. Преимущества и недостатки отечественной и зарубежной буровой техники // Бурение и нефть. – 2008. - №6. – с. 45-46. 17. Игаев А.А. Автоматизация спускоподъемных операций в бурении скважин на нефть и газ. // Статья в сборнике трудов конференции. 2017. – 78 с. 18. Михеев Н. Технология очистки буровых растворов с использованием центробежного полнопоточного фильтра // Бурение и нефть. – 2005. - №3. – с.34. 19. "Трудовой кодекс Российской Федерации" от 30.12.2001 N 197– ФЗ (ред. от 24.04.2020). Глава 47. Особенности регулирования труда лиц, работающих вахтовым методом. 20. ГОСТ 12.2.033–78 «Система стандартов безопасности труда (ССБТ). Рабочее место при выполнении работ стоя. Общие эргономические требования». 21. ГОСТ 12.1.012–90 ССБТ «Система стандартов безопасности труда (ССБТ). Вибрационная болезнь». 22. ГОСТ 12.1.038–82 ССБТ. Электробезопасность. Предельно допустимые уровни напряжений прикосновения и токов 23. СанПиН 2.2.4.548–96. Гигиенические требования к микроклимату производственных помещений. 24. ГОСТ 12.1.003–2014 ССБТ. Шум. Общие требования безопасности. 25. СанПиН 2.2.4.548–96. Гигиенические требования к микроклимату производственных помещений. 115 26. ГОСТ 12.1.038–82 Система стандартов безопасности труда. Электробезопасность. Предельно допустимые значения напряжений прикосновения и токов 27. ГОСТ 12.2.003–91 ССБТ Оборудование производственное. Общие требования безопасности. 28. ГОСТ 12.3.003–75 ССБТ Работы электросварочные. Общие требования безопасности 29. РД 34.21.122– 87 Инструкция по устройству молниезащиты зданий и сооружений 30. ГОСТ 17.2.1. 03–84. Охрана природы. Атмосфера. Термины и определения контроля загрязнения 31. ГОСТ 17.4.3.04–85. Охрана природы. Почвы. Общие требования к контролю и охране от загрязнения 32. ГОСТ 12.0.004-2015. Система стандартов безопасности. Организация обучения безопасности труда. Общие Положения. 33. Федеральные Нормы и Правила в области промышленной безопасности «Правила Безопасности в Нефтяной и Газовой Промышленности». 34. Parkhomenko A.K. Organizational and managerial mechanism for increasing the efficiency of drilling and workover of oil wells. – Moscow, 2018 – 152 p. 35. Abubakirov V.F., Arkhangelsky V.A., Burimov Yu.G., Malkin I.B. Drilling equipment: reference book: in 2 volumes – T. 1. – Moscow: Nedra, 2000. 36. Carl Gatlin. Drilling and well completions / Prentice hall, INC. – 2006/ – P. 341 37. Ken Fraser, Jim Peden. Managing drilling operations. / British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data – 2014. – P. 246 38. Wolfgang F. Prassl. Drilling Engineering / Curtin University of Technology – 2007. – P. 274 116 39. Yushin E.S. Technical development of domestic and foreign structures of keys for work with oil and gas pipes and pump rods. – M.: Research Article, 2017. – 35 p. 40. Kulchitsky V.V. Supervising the construction of oil and gas wells. Practical guide / – M.: Veche, 2019. – 368 p. 117 Приложение А (справочное) Innovation in the production of drilling rigs Студент Группа ФИО Подпись Дата 2БМ92 Денисюк Владислав Дмитриевич Руководитель ВКР Должность ФИО Ученая степень, звание Подпись Дата Доцент ОНД Ковалев А.В. к.т.н Консультант–лингвист Отделения иностранных языков ШБИП Должность ФИО Ученая степень, звание Подпись Дата Доцент ОИЯ Гутарева Н.Ю. к.п.н 118 Introduction Due to the rapid growth of the economy of our country, the oil and gas industry workers have been tasked with increasing the efficiency of drilling and improving the quality of drilling. This task is multifaceted and includes such aspects as: increasing the rate of penetration of drilling, reducing the time for well construction, improving the quality of the drilling operations themselves, and innovative discoveries in the field of drilling equipment. One of the most important factors for improving quality is the introduction and application of the latest and most advanced developments in the field of drilling equipment. Well drilling is the most capital intensive branch of the oil and gas industry. In recent years, there has been a tendency for the technical development of this industry, that is, this is the development and improvement of technology, the development and implementation of new progressive technology, the rational organization of production. In drilling operations, it is necessary to ensure technical and economic indicators in conditions of constantly changing well depths towards an increase in bottomhole depth and difficult mining, geological and natural and climatic conditions for drilling wells, which are very relevant today for the development of the oil industry. The rapid growth of TEP is achieved by the introduction of new innovative technologies that improve the entire drilling process, starting from drilling rigs, bits, downhole motors, longitudinal drilling, the use of new cement slurries capable of satisfying the drilling conditions and contributing to the reduction of drilling time, etc [34]. 119 1. General information about drilling rigs A drilling rig or drilling rig (pic. 1) is a complex of drilling equipment and facilities designed for drilling wells. The composition of the rig assemblies, their design is determined by the purpose of the well, the conditions and method of drilling. Picture 1 – Drilling rig Bentec HR–5000 Drilling rigs are used: 1. For drilling shallow wells (up to 25 m) and small diameter wells (76–219 mm) for seismic exploration. 2. For drilling wells of medium depth (up to 600 m) – structural and prospecting wells for solid minerals 3. For drilling deep wells (up to 6000 m). Extraction of oil and gas, as well as 120 for the exploration of new oil and gas fields. 4. Superdeep well drilling (up to 15000 m) for oil and gas production and development of new fields. 5. Drilling water wells. 6. Overhaul of oil and gas wells. 7. Testing of oil and gas wells [35]. 3. Innovation in the production of drilling rigs 3.1 Modern methods of installation and transportation of the drilling rigs There are three methods of rig installation: conventional (individual), small block and large block. The usual method of rig installation is to individually erect the equipment and construct the rig structures using single–use foundations. In this case, concrete or wooden foundations are built separately for each unit of the installation. During re–installation, the drilling rig is disassembled into units and assemblies and transported by universal transport to a new drilling point, where foundations, structures are rebuilt and equipment is mounted. The usual method of installation of drilling rigs is associated with a large complex of labor–intensive work (construction, carpentry, locksmith, ancillary– auxiliary, etc.), performed at the installation site, which causes an extension of the installation period for drilling rigs. Therefore, this method is currently used very rarely, only when installing heavy–duty drilling rigs. The small–block method of mounting drilling rigs is that the units and assemblies of the installation are mounted not on concrete or wooden foundations, but on metal foundations. A metal base with any unit of the installation mounted on it makes up a small block [35]. The number of small blocks on a rig is determined by the design of the rig, field development and geographic conditions, usually the rig is split into 15–20 small blocks. The overall dimensions and weight of small blocks allow them to be 121 transported by universal transport or by dragging, and in hard–to–reach areas – by helicopters. This method of rig installation is widely used in exploration drilling, and in some areas also in production drilling, when local conditions do not allow the transport of rigs in large blocks. The large–block method of mounting drilling rigs consists in transporting units and installation units in large blocks on special vehicles (heavy trucks), installing blocks on foundations and connecting communications between them. In this case, the drilling rig is dismembered into two or three blocks weighing 60–120 tons. A large block consists of a metal base transported on special vehicles, and units and assemblies of the drilling rig mounted on it, kinematically interconnected [4]. When transporting such blocks, the kinematic connections of the installation and communication units are almost not disturbed and the shelters are not dismantled, which makes it possible to exclude labor–intensive work performed with the usual installation method, such as construction, carpentry, locksmith and a number of auxiliary – auxiliary. The use of large blocks allows to reduce the installation time of drilling rigs to a minimum. The large–block drilling rig installation method is widely used in production drilling. Each type of drilling rig has its own kinematic and wiring diagrams, which include various units. However, with a constructive difference between the installations, in their complex there are units that are necessary in any of the layouts. These are towers. Travel systems, hoisting winches, rotors, swivels, drive mechanisms (gear or chain reducers, V–belt drives), motors and pumps for pumping flushing liquids. They differ in technical characteristics, design, overall dimensions and weights. But all of them must be kinematically connected by a certain wiring diagram that determines the location of each unit relative to each other [36]. Therefore, during the installation of each installation, it is necessary to highlight the installation separately: Each unit included in the complex of any drilling rig; Units and control systems for units included in the installation complex; 122 Process pipelines for pumping flushing fluid, fuel, compressed air and heating; Driving mechanisms. Auxiliary equipment required for the preparation and purification of flushing fluid, heating the drilling rig, preservation of stocks of fuels and lubricants, etc. In this regard, for the installation of the drilling rig, the following works must be carried out: Planning – alignment and preparatory; Construction of foundations and foundations for an oil rig, drilling, power and auxiliary equipment; Installation of an oil rig; Construction of near–ground connections; Installation of drilling, mechanical and power equipment; Installation of electrical equipment. The listed stages of work are performed by specialists of the respective teams (preparatory, construction, specialized or complex rig assembly) in the sequence determined by the installation method used in the construction of this drilling rig. Transport of relatively small equipment in terms of weight and dimensions (medium–sized pumps, compressors, machine tools) is carried out by standard vehicles. With the introduction of large block assemblies, for example, drilling rigs, with the transfer of the bulk of assembly work to manufacturing plants, serious engineering problems of transport and handling operations arose before transportation. For transportation by rail of large and massive blocks for the oil and gas industry, normal four–axle platforms with a carrying capacity of 60–70 tons are used. The length of the railway platform is 13 m, the width is 2.77–2.87 m, the height of the rail head is 1.3 m. railway cranes [36]. The transport of massive blocks on roads with all types of pavements is carried out on car trailers – trailers of heavy carrying capacity. The trailers are 123 equipped with hydraulic or pneumatic brakes. The wheel suspension is balanced, which ensures their independent position and uniform load distribution. Tracked heavy trucks, trolleys, trailers and skis are used for transporting massive loads off–road in different weather conditions. Terrain irregularities can cause significant skewing of the loading platform and a violation of the accuracy of the installation of the transported object, which is obviously very undesirable, since it necessitates checking the quality of the assembly at the site of the object installation (checking the alignment of the units, the reliability of fastening, adjustment). Here it is advisable to use a three–point platform support just like when transporting large blocks of drilling rigs. It should be borne in mind that the shortest path in terms of distance is not always the shortest in time (it is obvious that an obstacle is easier to bypass than to overcome). On flat terrain, the width of the route for the transport of drilling rig units should be 16 meters. With side slopes, the track is widened up to 40 m for the passage of tractors that belay from the sides. In the oil and gas industry, aircraft and helicopters are increasingly used for transport and installation of massive equipment. Heavy air carriers – AN–24 airplanes, MI–6 helicopters have completely entered the practice of transport and installation work. A helicopter with a lifting capacity of 40 tons was created. The specific features of air transport also affect the design of the equipment. For example, for exploration drilling in areas that are difficult to reach in terms of transport ratio, a variant of the Bu–75BrM small–block drilling rig was developed for transportation by air. The use of air transport equipment is very effective, especially in difficult and inaccessible areas (taiga, swamps, mountains). In addition, the practice of drilling in Western Siberia has shown that in some cases helicopter transport is economically more profitable than transportation by tractors, given the need to build at least primitive roads. It should also be borne in mind that air transport is more efficient, avoids seasonal work and increases the equipment turnover ratio by 35–40%. However, the air transportation method has its own peculiarities (securing cargo, |