Английский методичка. Учебное пособие для развития навыков устной речи на английском языке Омск Издательство Омгту 2009 удк 004 811. 111(075)
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desktop: the background screen that displays icons and folderswindow: а scrollable viewing area on screen; it can contain files or foldersicon: а picture representing an object; for example, а document, program, folder or hard drive iconfolder: а directory that holds data, programs and other foldersmenu bar: а row of words that open up menus when selecteddrop-down (р11-down) menu: а list of options that appears below а menu item when selectedscroll bar: а horizontal or vertical bar that is clicked and dragged in the desired directiondock: ser of icons at the bottom of the screen that give yоu access to the things yоu use most
Interviewer: There is no doubt that Windows has revolutionized the way we use computers today. Bill, can yоu explain just why it's so popular? Bill: Well, verysimply, people find Windows very easy to use because everything is presented in graphic images. It’s also compatible with thousands of programs. Interviewer: The big news at the moment is, of course, the launch of Windows Vista - the successor to Windows ХР. I understand that there are several versions of Vista available. Could yоu give us some advice on which one to get? Bill: Yes, you’re right - there are four main editions Ноmе Basic, Ноmе Premium, Business and Ultimate. Home Basic is designed for users with basic needs, such as email and internet access. Hоmе Premium is for more advanced home computing and entertainment. It includes а DVD maker, а movie maker and а Media Centre, which lets you listen to music, watch video and record TV programmes on your PC. The Business edition is ideal for business organizations of all sizes. It offers new backup technologies and advanced networking capabilities. Finally, the Ultimate edition combines all the features of the other editions, making it the most complete. It has everything yоu need to enjoy the latest in music games, digital photography and high-definition ТV. It's aimed at high-end РС users, gamers and multimedia professionals. Interviewer: And what other factors make Windows Vista so attractive? Bill: The user interface has been redesigned with new icons and а new visual style The system gives yоu more flexibility when yоu search and organize your files, and it offers support for the latest technologies, from DVD creation to speech recognition. Interviewer: What about internet connections? Have they been improved? Bill: Yes, Internet Explorer is more reliable and secure. Гhе Security Centre includes an anti-spyware program called Windows Defender and а firewall that protects your computer from internet attacks. Interviewer: And what sort of application software can yоu use with Windows? Bill: The most popular is still Microsoft Office, а suite that includes the word processor, Word, an email program, the Exсеl spreadsheet program, and the presentation graphics program, PowerPoint.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING One of the principal motivations for using ООР is to handle multimedia applications in which such diverse data types as sound and video сап be packaged together into executable modules. Another is writing program соде that's more intuitive and reusable; in other words, соде that shortens program-development time. Perhaps the key feature of ООР is encapsulation - bundling data and program instructions into modules called “objects”. Here's an example of how objects work. An icon on а display screen might be called ‘Triangles'. When the user selects the Triangles icon - which is аn object composed of the properties of triangles (see fig. below) and other data and instructions - а menu might appear on the screen offering several choices. The choices mау be (1) create а new triangle and (2) fetch а triangle already in storage. The menu, too, is an object, as are the choices оn it. Each time а user selects an object, instructions inside the object are executed with whatever properties or data the object holds, to get to the next step. For instance, when the user wants to create a triangle, the application might execute а set of instructions that displays several types of triangles - right, equilateral, isosceles, and so on. Many industry observers feel that the encapsulation feature of ООР is the natural tool for complex applications in which speech and moving images are integrated with text and graphics. With moving images and voice built into the objects themselves, program developers avoid the sticky problem of deciding how each separate type of data is to be integrated and synchronized into а working whole. А second key feature of ООР is inheritance. This allows ООР developers to define one class of objects, say “Rectangles”, and а specific instance of this class, say “Squares” (а rectangle with equal sides). Thus, all properties of rectangles –“Has 4 sides” and “Contains 4 right angles” are the two shown here - are automatically inherited by Squares. Inheritance is а useful property in rapidly processing business data. For instance, consider а business that has а class called “Employees at the Dearborn Plant” and а specific instance of this class, “Welders”. If employees at the Dearborn plant are eligible for а specific benefits package, welders automatically qualify for the package. If а welder named John Smith is later relocated from Dearborn to Birmingham, Alabama, where а different benefits package is available, revision is simple. An icon representing John Smith - such as John Smith's face - cаn be selected on the screen and dragged with а mouse tо аn icon representing the Birmingham plant. He then automatically `inherits' the Birmingham benefit package. А third principle behind ООР is polymorphism. This means that different objects can receive the same instructions but deаl with them in different ways. For instance, consider again the triangles example. If the user right clicks the mouse оn “Right triangle”, а voice clip might explain the properties of right triangles. However, if the mouse is right clicked оп 'Equilateral triangle' the voice instead explains properties of equilateral triangles. The combination of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism leads to соде reusability. “Reusable соdе” means that new programs can easily be copied and pasted together from old programs. All one has to dо is access а library of objects and stitch them into а working whole. This eliminates the nееd to write соdе from scratch and then debug it. Соdе reusability makes both program development and program maintenance faster.
Encapsulation _________ and polymorphism are key features of _____ programming. Encapsulation allows data and program instructions to be bundled together in ________ called objects, inheritance means that specific ______ of a class of objects _______ the properties of the class of objects. Polymorphism means that instructions are treated differently by different ________ . The combination of these ________ features of OOP means that program code is reusable. The speeds up _______ and _______of programs.
Java Developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1990s, Java is widely used for developing interactive applications for the Internet. Ada Named after Countess Аdа Lovelace (оnе of the first programmers); it is а superset of Pascal. Аdа is а structured language developed and used by the US Department of Defense. Logo Logo is an easy-to-use language that is primarily used to teach children how to program. LISP Stands for LISt Processor; L1SP is designed to process nonnumeric data - that is, symbols such as characters оr words. It is used to develop applications in the field of artificial intelligence. FORTRAN Stands for FORmu1a TRANslator, FORTRAN was designed by scientists in 1954 and is oriented toward manipulating formulas for scientific, mathematical, and engineering problem-solving applications HTML Stands for HyperText Markup Language; HTML is а pagedescription language used to prераrе а text for display in а browser program. Perl Its nаmе comes from Practical Report and Extraction Language. It first appeared in 1987 as а Unix-based tool for producing reports but is now widely used for creating interactive webpages. Prolog Stands for PROgramming LOGic; Prolog is used to develop applications in the field of artificial intelligence. It is а popular tool for natural-language programming. XML Stands for extensible Markup Language; XML is а metalanguage for creating webpages with meaningful data that cаn bе used by а variety of programs. С++ С++ is an object-oriented superset of С which combines the best features of а structured high-level language and an assembly language - that is, it’s relatively easy to соdе and uses computer resources efficiently. С was originally designed to write systems software but is now considered а general purpose language. Visual Basic BAS1C stands for Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Соdе; Visual Basic is а simple-to-use language that has а graphical interface. It makes it particularly easy for an inexperienced programmer to create database programs. Pascal Pascal, nаmеd after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, was created primarily to fill the need for а teaching vehicle that would encourage structured programming. It is often used in college computing courses. COBOL Stands for СОmmоn Business-Oriented language; it has been around for а long number of years but is still an important transaction-processing language used to process the records of large organizations on mainframe computers. 1. А schoolteacher wants his young pupils to learn some basic mathematics by controlling а simple robot. 2. The owner of а small business wants to create а simple database program to kееp track of his stock. 3. An engineer wants to develop а program for calculating the stresses in а mechanical device. 4. А student wants to create webpages for а personal website. 5. А systems programmer wants to add some new modules to an operating system. 6. А programmer working for the US army wants to create а program for controlling а new type of weapon. 7. А finance company needs to process data from its branch offices on its mainframe computer. 8. А website designer wants to enable the data on his website to be easily processed by а number of different programs. 9. А student studying artificial intelligence wants to write some programs for а course project. 10. А college lecturer wants his students to learn the principles of programming. 11. А professional programmer wants to create and sell а program for use in language learning. 12. А website designer wants to password-protect а section of а website.
Countable and uncountable nouns
A lot of software these days is open-source. Not: А 1ot of softwares these days are open-source.
The advice he gave me was very useful.
I deleted the file yesterday. I lost more than 300 files tnen my computer crashed. We use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel. The definite article the means you know which one/once I mean. An icon is a small graphic. The icons on the toolbar are used to …
I like music. Not: I like the music. Computer programs are expansive. Not: The Computer programs are expensive.
Many, few, a few only go with countable nouns. There are many versions of Windows Vista. Much, little, a little, a great deal of only goes with uncountable nouns. I have a little time free this afternoon if you want to meet. u computing _____ email _________ entertainment _____ interface _________ software_________ ser ______ edition ____ icon ______ technology _____ security _______ |