Учебник Кобрина. Грамматика. Синтаксис.1999. Учебное пособие для студентов педагогических институтов и университетов по специальности 2103 "Иностранные языки". Спб., Союз, 1999. 496 с
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MorphologyPARTS OF SPEECH§ 1. All the words of the English language are grouped into different types of classes. This classification is based on three main principles: 1) their grammatical meaning; 2) their form and 3) their syntactical characteristics. By the first we understand the meaning common to all the words of the class, such as thingness for the noun or either process or state for the verb. By the second we mean the morphological characteristics of the class meant, such as the number of the noun or the voice of the verb. By the third - the combinability and the syntactical functions of a type of word. We distinguish between notional and functional parts of speech: the former denoting extralinguistic phenomena such as things, actions, qualities, emotions and the latter - relations and connections between notional words or sentences. Thus there are 9 notional parts of speech and 3 functional ones.
THE VERB§ 2. Most verbs denote action or state. However, there are some verbs which have other meanings. They are modal verbs, causative verbs, some impersonal verbs, relational and link-verbs. They present a system of finite and non-finite forms, except for modal verbs, which have no non-finite forms. The verb in its finite forms possesses the morphological categories of person, number, tense, aspect, perfect, voice and mood. Its syntactical function is that of the predicate. The non-finite forms (or verbals) are four in number, they are: the infinitive, the gerund, participle I and participle II. Non-finite verb forms possess the verbal categories of perfect, voice and to a certain extent aspect. Owing to the richness of its morphological categories, the flexibility of its syntactical functioning and wide combinability, the verb is of the greatest importance in the structure of the sentence. The morphological categories of the verb are interrelated, that is every verb form expresses all these categories simultaneously. Formation of verb categories§ 3. English morphological categories are formed in two ways, synthetically and analytically. Synthetic or simple forms are those the formal elements of which are to be found within one word from which they are inseparable. These are the present and the past indefinite affirmative (sing, sings, sang); the non-perfect common aspect forms of the infinitive, participle I, the gerund, participle II (sing, singing, sung); the imperative mood (sing!). Analytical or compound verb forms consist of at least two verbal elements, an auxiliary verb and a notional verb; the latter is presented by participle I, participle II, or the infinitive. An auxiliary verb is devoid of its lexical meaning, its role is purely grammatical. It may be finite or non-finite, thus showing whether the whole verb form is finite or non-finite as in: Jane is singing. Someone seems to be singing in the next room. The auxiliary verbs in English are not numerous, they are seven: to do, to be, to have, shall, will, should, would. The notional verb of a compound verb form is always non-finite, it carries the lexical meaning of the whole verb form. The analytical verb forms are the forms of the continuous aspect, the perfect forms, the passive forms, the future forms, the future in the past forms, some forms of the subjunctive mood, the interrogative, negative and emphatic forms of the present and past indefinite. The meaning of the analytical form as a whole is the result of the complete fusion of the auxiliary and the non-finite form. |