англ рк1 2 курс. тексты англ рк1. Kazakh traditions and customs
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Kazakh traditions and customs Kazakhs have always revered and highly valued their national customs and traditions. The main tradition of Kazakhs, which eventually transformed into a feature of national character, is hospitality. In the Kazakh society, there is an unofficial law voiced in ancient times, which says “Meet a guest as the God's messenger”. Hospitality is considered a sacred duty in the Kazakh society. At all times, the steppe inhabitants did their best to please their guest. Therefore, each traveller knew that he or she would be welcomed anywhere in the Kazakh land. Respect for the elderly is another positive feature of Kazakhs. Traditionally, a child from early childhood is taught to be moderate and honest when dealing with older, wiser and life experienced people. Traditions, connected with the birth of children and their upbringing, apparently play a very important role in many cultures. Just a brief description of such rituals and traditions followed by Kazakh families, is given below. All of these rituals are usually followed by celebrations. Shіldehana - a celebration that is associated with childbirth. Besіkke salu, besik toy - a holiday, hosted when the newborn is put to a cradle - besik. As a rule, it is organized on the 3rd-5th day after dropout of umbilical cord of the kid. Kyrkynan shygaru – a ritual performed on the fortieth day after birth that includes bathing baby in 40 tablespoons of water, and the first haircut and nail cut and other rituals. Tusau kesu - a day when the baby took his first steps, the oldest and most respected people are invited to perform a ceremony of Tusau keser. Then he or she should cut the special ropes, beset baby's legs, in order to ensure that in future the kid could walk nicely and run fast. Sundetke otyrgyzu is a rite of circumcision. The ceremony is held when a boy is 5-7 years old. A big festival to which all the relatives and friends are invited is organized after this. On the occasion of Sundetke otyrgyzu guests usually make generous gifts to the hero of the ceremony and his parents. One of unique Kazakh traditions related to marriages is that the marriage between relatives up to the seventh generation is prohibited. Such taboo helps to prevent blood mixing and, consequently, benefit to the health of future offspring. Traditionally, sequence of the ceremonies and rituals related to a marriage is the following. Any wedding ceremony in the Kazakh society is anticipated by kudalyk (matchmaking). Before the wedding, matchmakers come to bride's house. Their task is to agree with the closest relatives of a girl on her marriage. The next stage of the ceremony is sendoff of the bride Kyz uzatu. In the evening before the Kyz uzatu matchmakers come to the bride's house again. Early in the morning, the bride with matchmakers is sent to the groom's house. Solemn ceremony of meeting the bride in the groom’s house is called kelіn tusіru. The main element of kelіn tusіru is a traditional performance of a song of instructions and wishes - Betashar. Also during the wedding ceremony, the couple must drink together a bowl of water with dissolved sugar and salt. This ritual is considered as a guarantor of a happy family life. British traditions and customs Every nation becomes special by means of its own traditions and customs. There is no other nation that clings to the past with the tenacity of the British. They are really proud of their traditions, they cherish them. When we imagine of Britains, we often think of people drinking white tea, eating fish and chips, sitting by the fireplace or wearing bowler hats, but there is much more in Britain than just those things. Some British traditions are royal, such as the Changing of the Guard which takes place every day at Buckingham Palace. The Trooping of the Colour happens on the Queen’s official birthday. It’s a big colorful parade with hundreds of soldiers and brass bands. British holidays (Christmas, Easter, Guy Fawkes Night, Remembrance Day) are especially rich in old traditions and customs. A traditional Christmas dinner consists of roast turkey and potatoes, cranberry sauce, sweet mince pies and Christmas pudding. On Christmas Eve children hang up their stockings around the fireplace for Father Christmas to fill with presents. At Easter chocolate eggs are given as presents symbolizing new life. Guy Fawkes Night is also known as Bonfire Night because English people burn stuffed figures on bonfires. On Remembrance Day red poppies are traditionally worn in memory of servicemen who lost their lives in wars. National Morris Dancing can be seen throughout the month of May in most of English villages. Groups of men and women wear colored costumes, carry white handkerchiefs and perform their lively folkdance. One of Englishmen’s traditions is their tender love for animals. Pets are members of English families and are protected by law. There are even special cemeteries for animals in Great Britain. Most English people love their gardens too. They enjoy gardening and decorating their houses with beautiful flowers and plants. Sports play an essential part in the life of Britain and it is a popular leisure activity. Rugby, golf, cricket, polo and horse-racing are British national sports and they are played on village greens and in towns on Sundays. Politeness and punctuality are typical features of all British people. They often say “Sorry”, “Please” and “Thank you” with a smiling face and they always try to arrive on time. The British are also traditional about their breakfast. They usually eat bacon and eggs, a toast with orange jam, a bowl of cereals or porridge in the morning. There are over 60 thousand pubs in the United Kingdom. Pubs are an important part of British life too. People talk, eat, drink, meet their friends and relax there. National holidays in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a large multinational country which is rich with its both old traditions and new ones acquired for the period of Independence. The Republic of Kazakhstan observes international holidays such as New Year, 8th of March – International Women’s Day but it also has holidays specific only for this country such as Unity Day, Capital Day etc. According to the Law «Оn Republic of Kazakhstan holidays» national, state, professional and other holidays are celebrated in our country. National holidays – holidays, established in the Republic of Kazakhstan to mark the events of particular historical significance and which had a significant influence on the development of Kazakhstan statehood. Celebration of national holidays is accompanied by holding of official events in central and local government bodies. Today only Independence Day of Kazakhstan is recognized as the national holiday. State holidays – holidays, dedicated to the events of a public- political significance, and also which are traditionally celebrated by the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Celebration of state holidays can be accompanied by the holding of official events. This category of the holidays includes New Year, 9th of May – Victory Day, 8th of March – International Women’s Day, Nauryz, Unity Day, Capital Day, Constitution Day etc. Professional and other holidays - holidays which do not have a status of national and state holidays and which are celebrated by individual categories of citizens. Professional holidays are not supposed to be days off, but it is a good reason to congratulate colleagues, friends and relatives. • Fatherland Defender’s Day – 7th of May • Political Repression Victims Memory Day -31st of May • The Republic of Kazakhstan National Symbols’ Day – 4th of June • Police Day – 23rd of June • Health Professionals’ Day - 3rd Sunday of June • Press, Television and Radio Day – last Sunday of June • Diplomatic Service Day – 2nd of July • Metal-Maker’s Day - 3rd Sunday of July • Transport and Communication Workers’ Day - 1st Sunday of August • Builders’ Day – 2nd Sunday of August • Miners’ Day – last Sunday of August • Knowledge Day – 1st of September • The Day of teacher – 6th of October British Holidays There are a number of holidays, which are celebrated in Great Britain every year. One of them is, of course, the New Year's Day on the first of January. It is not so popular in England as in our country, but it is rather popular in Scotland. On that day people usually visit their friends and there is a lot of dancing and eating. In Scotland people bring a piece of coal for good luck in the New Year. The next holiday of the year is St. Valentine's Day. It is on the 14th of February. People buy or make Valentine cards and send them to the people they love. In March there is Mother's Day. All the children and adults, come to their mothers on that day to express their love and gratitude. In April there is Easter. At Easter children eat chocolate Easter eggs. Sometimes parents hide them in the house or in the garden and children have to look for them. In June there is Father's Day. On Father's Day children give or send their fathers and grandfathers cards and presents. On the 31st of October there is a Halloween. They say ghosts and witches come out on Halloween. People make lanterns out of pumpkins. Some people have Halloween parties and dress as witches and ghosts. In England, Bonfire Night is associated with the tradition of celebrating the failure of Guy Fawkes' actions on 5 th of November.In this day, people burn the dummy of Guy Fawkes, made of straw, on a bonfire. The 25th of December is Christmas Day. It is one of the people's favorite holidays. People put Christmas trees in their houses and decorate them. There are beautiful Christmas decorations in the streets. On Christmas Eve everybody puts the presents under the Christmas tree. People say that at night Father Christmas puts presents into the stockings which children usually hang above their beds. The traditional Christmas meal is roasted turkey and Christmas pudding. December the 26th is also a public holiday, Boxing Day, which takes its name from the old custom of giving workers an annual present in a Christmas box. Topic: My future profession Plans for future is a problem that worries not only school leavers but their parents and teachers. At the age of 16 or17 we have to make a very important choice in our life – the choice of a profession. There are so many interesting professions that it is difficult to decide which one to choose. Of course, some people from the very childhood know for sure what they want to be. As for me, I know exactly what I want. I decided to become a doctor when I was 15 years old. My parents supported my decision to become a doctor. They have no doubt that this is the right decision for me. In my opinion, the profession of a doctor is as useful and noble as that of a teacher. It goes without saying that every applicant has to study well at school and be especially good at biology, chemistry, natural and social studies. I know that it isn’t easy to pass the entrance exams and to study at the higher medical institution, but I did my best. I like almost all medical specialties and they are equally interesting for me. I can be a general physician, a dentist, a surgeon, a gynecologist. But most of all I like the profession of a general physician, because it somehow combines all the knowledge about people’s health. Physicians have to give all their knowledge, all their abilities, all their talents, and all their time to people, to the protection of their health. Medical students must understand well all the difficulties of their future profession. They must remember that often it will be difficult to diagnose a disease, sometimes it will be even more difficult to cure it. But a good doctor will always do his best to gain his patient's confidence. And the confidence of a patient in the doctor is a “valuable remedy”. When I entered the West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University five months ago Anatomy was one of the first subjects which we began to study here. Except Anatomy we must also have a good grounding in many other sciences. Among them such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and many others. But the most important subjects at the medical faculty are Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Chemistry, Physics. Altogether the students study numerous theoretical and special subjects and pass examinations or tests in all of them. Anatomy and Chemistry are the most difficult subjects for me. At the end of each term examinations are held. Teachers and students are very busy this time. The teachers are prepared to give consultation and to help the students at any time. Much attention is paid to practical training. At the end of each course of study the students have practical training, during which they work as nurses, doctor’s assistants. Medical students must understand well all the difficulties of their future profession. Did you hear about Hippocrates Oath? It reads “…I shall not do my patient any harm” these are the words from Hippocrates Oath. And they must be not only words for medical students. They must become the motto of their life. West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University The Aktyubinsk State Medical Institute was founded in 1957, then on February 25, 1997 in accordance with the resolution of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan it was reorganized into the Aktobe State Medical Academy. On the 16th of February 2009 it was reorganized into West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University. In 2019 it was reorganized into West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical UniversityƆ West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University is a great educational, medical, research and diagnostic centre of the West region. It has its own clinical units such as Medical Centre, Dental Clinic and Family Medicine Clinic. Now there are five faculties at the University: "General medicine", "Stomatology", "Public Health", "Pharmacy" and "Nursing". The course of study at the Medical University is for four, five, six and seven years. There is a 7-year course of study at the Faculty of General Medicine. There is a 6-year course of study at the Stomatology Faculty. At the and Pharmacy, the course of study lasts for 5 years. There is a 4-year course of study at the Nursing and Public Health Faculties. During this period students master the basis of theoretical and practical medicine. The course of study is divided into junior and senior levels. For two years the students learn the so-called preclinical subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Human Anatomy, Histology, Microbiology, a foreign language and Philosophy. The students have clinical subjects from the third to the fifth year. They are introduced all branches of therapy, surgery, gynaecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, infectious diseases and others. During this three years period medical students learn to diagnose and treat different diseases and carry out laboratory analyses. The undergraduates have practical training at the clinics and teaching hospitals of the University. They perform the duties of assistant nurses, nurses and doctor’s assistants. In five years the students gain all the knowledge necessary for a general practitioner and receive Bachelor’s degree diploma. Internship begins in the sixth year. It lasts for 1 year in Stomatology and 2 years General medicine faculties. During this period the students specialize in Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics. They work at clinics, polyclinics, attend lectures, seminars and clinical conferences. Interns work under the direct supervision of experienced specialists in clinics and in major hospitals. At the end of the internship they receive the qualification “Physician”. Medical graduates can continue according to their studies the programme of residency and Master’s degree. West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University The Aktyubinsk State Medical Institute was founded in 1957, then on February 25, 1997 in accordance with the resolution of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan it was reorganized into the Aktobe State Medical Academy. On the 16th of February 2009 it was reorganized into West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov State Medical University. In 2019 it was reorganized into West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical UniversityƆ West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University is a great educational, medical, research and diagnostic centre of the West region. It has its own clinical units such as Medical Centre, Dental Clinic and Family Medicine Clinic. Now there are five faculties at the University: "General medicine", "Stomatology", "Public Health", "Pharmacy" and "Nursing". The course of study at the Medical University is for four, five, six and seven years. There is a 7-year course of study at the Faculty of General Medicine. There is a 6-year course of study at the Stomatology Faculty. At the and Pharmacy, the course of study lasts for 5 years. There is a 4-year course of study at the Nursing and Public Health Faculties. During this period students master the basis of theoretical and practical medicine. The course of study is divided into junior and senior levels. For two years the students learn the so-called preclinical subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Human Anatomy, Histology, Microbiology, a foreign language and Philosophy. The students have clinical subjects from the third to the fifth year. They are introduced all branches of therapy, surgery, gynaecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, infectious diseases and others. During this three years period medical students learn to diagnose and treat different diseases and carry out laboratory analyses. The undergraduates have practical training at the clinics and teaching hospitals of the University. They perform the duties of assistant nurses, nurses and doctor’s assistants. In five years the students gain all the knowledge necessary for a general practitioner and receive Bachelor’s degree diploma. Internship begins in the sixth year. It lasts for 1 year in Stomatology and 2 years General medicine faculties. During this period the students specialize in Therapy, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics. They work at clinics, polyclinics, attend lectures, seminars and clinical conferences. Interns work under the direct supervision of experienced specialists in clinics and in major hospitals. At the end of the internship they receive the qualification “Physician”. Medical graduates can continue according to their studies the programme of residency and Master’s degree. MEDICAL EDUCATION IN OUR COUNTRY (Colleges and Universities) Educational system in Kazakhstan is conducted in three languages – Kazakh, Russian and English and consists of several levels of state and private educational establishments: infant schools, elementary (or primary) schools, comprehensive schools, colleges and universities. The aim of medical colleges is to provide all medical institutions with nurses, laboratory assistants, pharmaceutists and dental mechanics. The course of study lasts for 2, 3 and 4 years. The students of medical colleges have a special training at major clinics, hospitals, research institutes and medical centers where they work as assistant nurses and nurses. After finishing the theoretical course and practical work the students must take the state examinations. The students of medical colleges receive a complete secondary education and a speciality either of a trained nurse or a laboratory assistant, a pharmaceutist or a dental mechanic. After finishing medical college they may enter a medical university and get a higher education. In March 2010, Kazakhstan officially joined the Bologna system. Thus, the transition to a three-level model of training was carried out: Bachelor – Master – Doctor PhD, based on the principles of the Bologna Declaration. Higher medical education in our country is obtained at medical universities. In order to provide all medical institutions with doctors the following faculties were organized: the Faculty of General Medicine, the Faculty of Public Health, the Nursing Faculty, the Stomatology Faculty, Pharmacy and Pediatrics faculties. The education lasts for four, five, six and seven years. Much attention is paid to practical training, which is the main part of the course of studу. The main form of practical training is the independent work of students under the direction of a teacher-doctor. In accordance with the reform of the medical education system, those who entered medical universities are introduced phased system of multi-level medical and pharmaceutical education. It is assumed that the first level (two courses of study at the university) students master general medical disciplines of secondary professional education. At the second level (3-5 university courses) students obtain basic higher medical education. Graduates, who complete the second level take the state exam and get Diploma of Higher Education. However, the presence of such diploma does not give graduates the right to engage in clinical activities. For the implementation of clinical habits in such specialties as general medicine, pediatrics the third level of education – internship is introduced in the 6 and 7th years. In the specialty Stomatology internship lasts for the 1 year of study. At the end of the internship graduates pass the final examination and receive a certificate. If the young specialists wish to perfect their knowledge they can continue their studies at residency and magistracy. Nauryz There are a lot of different holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan: official, professional, religious. Among the official ones there are the Day of Independence, the Day of the Constitutional of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Day of the Unity of the Peoples of Kazakhstan, the Victory Day, the Women's' Day and New Year. And one of the most popular is Nauryz. Nauryz is typically celebrated on March 22 during the spring equinox. During this time, day and night are of equal duration, representing the time of the year when the difficult winter ends and spring renewal begins. In the Kazakh language, Nauryz is also known as the " First day of the new year" ( Ulys Kuni) and the " Great Day of the People" ( Ulystyn uly kuni). It is time to participate in the life- giving Festival. In spring people are in a hurryto revive themselves, both physically and spiritually, liquidate their debts, get rid of old unwanted things, ask for forgiveness for past wrongs. People wear traditional costumes and visit friends and relatives to deliver expressions of well-being and to wish good luck for the upcoming year. Tradition says that the more one celebrates Nauryz, the more successful the year will be. People also get together to help one another on constructing "a kigiz ui" which is the traditional Kazakh home. The kigiz ui is made of long curved pieces of wood that are tied together and make the skeleton for this round house. Large pieces of felt are placed over the wood . The rug is placed inside the kigiz ui on the floor to keep warmth and protect from cold. Inside the kigiz ui is decorated with Kazakh ornaments, rugs and blankets. As a guest you should sit at a round festive table and an elder " aksakal" usually saying words of blessing. There are lots of eating of festive foods is done. The main dish of this festival is nauryz-kozhe, a traditional spring soup. Nauryz kozhe usually includes seven ingredients. The ingredients may be different, but smoked meat, milk and cereal are obligatory. Nauryz celebrations are big events where games are played, traditional ceremonies are performed. A particularly symbolic tradition is the "dance" of light and dark spirits (where and summer), typically held at Nauryz gatherings. Other traditional activities include horse races, wrestling, verbal competitions of akyns, poetry readings, contests in national sports Kazakhsha-kures, togyz kumalak, kuz-kuu, baige. Various dramatized shows and theatrical marches presenting national customs are rituals teach people to respect the national culture and how Great is people of the native land. Birth customs and traditions The birth of a child is indeed a reason to rejoice and celebrate. The addition of a new member to the family is always welcome. If you are expecting to have a new baby in the family, then you should follow the customs and rituals that are prevalent in your culture or religion.  Baby shower A baby shower is basically a party which is thrown to celebrate the impending birth of a new baby. It’s also a way for friends and family to help the new parents get everything they need. There’s no hard and fast rule that dictates when you should have a baby shower. Most baby showers are thrown approximately 4 to 6 weeks before the baby is born. That way, guests can have the baby’s gender in mind when choosing gifts and decorations. Many religions and cultures do not have baby shower as a way of celebration. But they definitely host a party that is similar to a baby shower. This stems from the tradition of blessing the child and the mother with good health, happiness and a safe delivery. Hence we see that the baby shower, or any similar celebration, is the first custom associated with child birth. Christening Those who choose to follow Christian traditions get their child christened. Essentially the child is baptized that declares the child as a follower of any denomination of the religion. The ceremony depends on the denomination that the family follows. This can also mean that the age at which the child can get baptized will differ. Other religions There are so many different kinds of cultures and religions all over the world, it is impossible to narrow down on the rituals that are performed by every religion and culture. But almost all religions have celebrations and rituals to bless the child. The celebrations may be for naming the child or simply for the baby to receive blessings from all the members of the family. So, within a few months of the birth of your child, you will find yourself and your partner planning for all the ceremonial functions for your family and friends to seek blessings for your new born. Kazakh customs associated with the birth of a child  Kazakh people, as any other nationalities, pay a great attention to customs, rituals and traditions passed from one generation to another. This is so especially when it concerns a baby. Childbirth is always a great occasion not only for a woman who gives birth but for all family members and close friends. After the child is born, adults have to put him or her in a cradle (“besik”) but before it, they have to lighten it in order to prevent the baby from bad spirits. It is believed that the first forty days are very important for a child. The life in the first forty days is the first stage for every child, when he or she adapt to new environment and life in general. In most of the cases, parents don’t show the child to other people from outside family, they don’t take photos of baby, and they put ash (“kuye”) on the forehead to keep any bad luck away from them (“koz timesin”). For boys, the ceremony is performed after they reach thirty one day because it is believed that they become strong in this period. In contrast, for girls, it is on forty-first day. Kazakhs do ceremony called “Kyrkynan shygaru” (“passing forty days”) and on this day, female family members gather to bath the child in salty water. Firstly, they fill a bucket with forty spoons of water, put new and shiny coins or jewelries which symbolize purity and bright future for the child. These things are later given to guests present at the ceremony. In different parts of Kazakhstan, this ritual may slightly differ from other parts. For example, in some regions, only one woman washes the child wishing all the best for his future, while in some other regions, every woman may wash the baby one by one. Moreover, a godmother (“kindik sheshe”) holds the baby during this process. The next step is cutting nails and hair of a newborn child. It is done by the most reverent woman gathered on that day. The significance of this ceremony is that Kazakh people believe no one would be able to dominate over this child in his or her future. From the very beginning, there was another part of this ritual when Kazakhs collected treats like candies in a small bag and tied to the dog’s neck. After that, all the children tried to catch the bag by running after the dog. However, this part of the tradition is rarely followed these days mainly because of safety reasons. At the end of the ceremony, all the family members and close friends have a happy feast and wish the well being of the mother and the child. Active vocabulary Tradition [trəˈdɪʃ(ə)n] традиция; салт-дәстүр custom [ˈkʌstəm] обычай; әдет-ғұрып to revere [rɪˈvɪə] глубоко уважать, почитать; аса құрметтеу feature [ˈfiːtʃə] особенность, черта; ерекшелік,өзгешелік hospitality [hɒspɪˈtalɪti] гостеприимство; қонақжайлылық unofficial [ʌnəˈfɪʃ(ə)l] неофициальный; бейресми, жай sacred duty [seɪkrɪd ˈdjuːti] священный долг; ізгі борыш moderate [ˈmɒdərət] умеренный; сдержанный; ұстамды to deal with [diːl wɪð] иметь дело с кем-л.; біреумен қарым-қатынаста болу upbringing [ˈʌpbrɪŋɪŋ] воспитание; тәрбие apparently [əˈparəntli] явно, очевидно; анық description [dɪˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n] описание; сипаттама ritual [ˈrɪtʃʊəl] ритуал, церемония; рәсім to associate [əˈsəʊʃieɪt] связывать; байланыстыру to host [həʊst] принимать гостей; қонақ жайлау cradle [ˈkreɪd(ə)l] колыбель, люлька; бесік dropout [ˈdrɒpaʊt] время отпадания; түсу уақыты umbilical cord [ʌmˈbɪlɪk(ə)l kɔːd] пуповина; кіндік beset [bɪˈsɛt] окружать, осаждать; қоршау, орау rite [raɪt] обряд, ритуал; жора, рәсім circumcision [səːkəmˈsɪʒ(ə)n] обрезание; сүндетке отырғызу to prohibit [prə(ʊ)ˈhɪbɪt] запрещать, препятствовать; рұқсат етпеу, тыйым салу taboo [təˈbuː] табу, запрет; тыйым consequently [ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ntli] следовательно, поэтому; демек, сондықтан benefit [ˈbɛnɪfɪt] польза; пайда, пайдалы offspring [ˈɒfsprɪŋ] потомок; ұрпақ sequence [ˈsiːkw(ə)ns] последовательность, следствие; бірізділік, нәтиже to anticipate [anˈtɪsɪpeɪt] предвидеть, ожидать; ертерек білдіру, тосу matchmaking [ˈmatʃmeɪkɪŋ] сватовство; құдалық sendoff [ˈsɛndɒf] проводы, отправлять; шығарып салу solemn ceremony [ˈsɒləm ˈsɛrɪməni] торжественная церемония; салтанатты рәсім dissolved [dɪˈzɒlvd] растворенный; ерітілген to consider [kənˈsɪdə] считать, полагать; болжалдау, жору guarantor [ˌɡar(ə)nˈtɔː] поручитель, гарант; кепіл Active Vocabulary Custom[ˈkʌstəm] -обычай, әдет, ғұрып special ˈ[spɛʃ(ə)l] - особенный ,особый, ерекше |