Various types and ways of forming words sumova Diana, Igonina Kristina
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VARIOUS TYPES and WAYS OF FORMING WORDSSumova Diana, Igonina Kristina10.1-919Word-formation is the process of creating words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. A distinction is made between two principal types of word–formation:Word-derivation and Word-composition.The basic ways of forming words in word-derivation are Affixation and Conversion.Affixation is the formation of new words with the help of affixes.Conversion is the formation of a new word by bringing a stem of this word into a different formal paradigm.Word-composition is the formation of a new word by combining two or more stems which occur in the language as free forms.Apart from principal there are some Minor types of modern word-formation: Shortening (Clipping), Blending, Abbreviation, Sound Interchange, Sound Imitation, Distinctive Stress, Back-formation, Reduplication. The noun email appeared in English long before the verb. A decade ago, the only possible option was to say: send an email (send an email. Here email is a noun), while now we can just email people ("email" people. Here email is a verb). The most productive, that is, often used, is the conversion of nouns into verbs: Coincidence of forms is also found in adjectives and verbs:Let's look at examples of how to convert words using conversion:She microwaved (verb) her lunch. – Она «промикроволновила» свой ланч. She heated her lunch in the microwave (noun). – Она подогрела свой ланч в микроволновке. The doctor eyed (verb) my swollen eye (noun). – Доктор внимательно осмотрел мой опухший глаз. Less productive is the reverse conversion of verbs to nounsThe guard alerted (verb) the general to the attack (noun). – Караульный известил генерала об атаке. The enemy attacked (verb) before an alert (noun) could be sounded. – Враг атаковал до того, как прозвучала тревога. Sometimes one just needs a good cry (noun). – Иногда просто стоит хорошо проплакаться. The baby cried (verb) all night. – Малыш плакал всю ночь. ly - adverb sion - noun ful - adjective. leak - протекать - leakage - утечка pass - проходить - passage - проход dom forms a noun from adjectives and nouns:free - свободный - freedom - свободаwise - мудрый - wisdom - мудрость king - король - kingdom - королевство hood usually forms a noun from other nouns:brother - брат - brotherhood - братствоchild - ребенок - childhood - детство mother - мать - motherhood - материнство We refer to the suffixes of verbs:en forms verbs from adjectives and nouns:black - черный - blacken - чернитьsharp - острый - sharpen - точитьly forms verbs from adjectives:false - фальшивый - falsify - фальсифицироватьsimple - простой - simplify - упрощатьize forms verbs from nouns:character - характер - characterize - характеризоватьsympathy - сочувствие - sympathize - сочувствоватьPrefixesIn English, prefixes play a significant role in word formation. Many of them are of Latin origin and have the same meaning in English as in Russian. Many prefixes are percussion, that is, they have their own meaning. Examples:dis / un / in - indicate denial - disappoint, unhappy, inexpensive; re - do something again - rewrite, rename; under - do not finish something - undercook, undersell; over - do something beyond measure - overproduce, overcook; co - do something together - co-founder, co-worker; ex - former - ex-boss, ex-boyfriend; Prefixes usually cannot change the part of speech, but they change the meaning of the word, and sometimes to the complete opposite. For instance:regular - irregular (правильный — неправильный);disorder - order (беспорядок — порядок); prehistoric - historic (доисторический — исторически). If prefixes are grouped by belonging to parts of speech, then such a grouping does not exist, almost any prefix can be attached to any part of speech. Compound wordsVery often, in order to describe some object or phenomenon, you do not need to rack your brains remembering a certain word, since it consists of simpler ones that you probably already know.For example, such a complex word as "шезлонг" in English will be simply - "sunbed". icebox - ледникicebox - ледник shoemaker - сапожник steamship - пароход father-in-law - тесть son-in-law - зять man-of-war - военное судно mother-of-pearl - перламутр dark-blue - темно синий first-class - первоклассный It is interesting to pay attention to the so-called rhyming compound words. They consist of two parts. Usually the first part makes sense and the second doesn't. It happens that each word has its own separate meaning, and together they mean something else. Examples of rhyming compound words would be: fifty-fifty (50 to 50), hip-hop (hip-hop), Super-duper (super-duper) and the like. Such words are often used in advertising campaigns and product names by marketers to attract consumers more effectively, as they are easy to remember and do not go out of their heads. For example, the well-known coca-cola has been attracting its fans for many years for a reason, and even a small child will easily remember this word. Phrasal verbsThese verbs carry semantic meaning in a certain way. The fact is that the meaning of phrasal verbs in most cases is fundamentally different from the verb from which they are formed. Let's look at a few examples with such verbs as blow - дуть, ask - спрашивать, take - брать:blow up - explode - The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence. ask around - ask many people the same question - I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet. take up - start, begin - He took up sports a year ago. It can be seen that the two or three words that make up the verb are like a short phrase. Hence the name - phrasal verbs.Thank you for your attention! |