Задание 1. Выберите научную статью на английском языке, связанную с вашей будущей профессиональной деятельностью (или по вашему направлению подготовки). Используйте найденную статью во всех последующих заданиях
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М  ИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИфедеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Тольяттинский государственный университет» Институт математики, физики и информационных технологий (наименование института полностью) Кафедра /департамент /центр1 (наименование кафедры/департамента/центра полностью) 09.03.03 Прикладная информатика (код и наименование направления подготовки, специальности) Бизнес-информатика (направленность (профиль) / специализация) Практическое задание № 1 по учебному курсу «Английский язык в сфере проффесиональной коммуникации» (наименование учебного курса) Вариант ____ (при наличии)
Тольятти 2021 Раздел 1. Особенности перевода научно-технических текстов Терминологические базы данных Задание: Выберите научную статью на английском языке, связанную с вашей будущей профессиональной деятельностью (или по вашему направлению подготовки). Используйте найденную статью во всех последующих заданиях. Прочитайте статью, обращая внимание на терминологию, и составьте терминологический словарь, состоящий из 20 терминов. Пример статьи: Indium Triflate-promoted Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole, and Isoxazole-substituted Xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione Derivatives An efficient synthetic protocol has been developed for the synthesis of the novel 1,2,3-triazole and isoxazole-substituted xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivatives 3 and 5, respectively, from the reaction of 1,2,3-triazole-4-carbaldehyde 2 or isoxazole-5- aldehyde 4 with cyclohexanedione 1, using indium triflate as a catalyst. Xanthene derivatives having the 1,8-dione function serve as valuable synthons owing to their inherent reactivity of the inbuilt pyran ring, present in several natural products, drugs, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Some xanthene derivatives have been found to show anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, or anti-inflammatory activities, and have also been applied in photodynamic therapy. Earlier reported methods for the synthesis of xanthene derivatives mainly used different catalysts such as NaHSO4SiO2, PPASiO2, TiO2SO42-, cyanuric chloride, polyaniline p-toluenesulfonate, ionic liquids, iron3+-montmorillonite, ammonioalkanesulfonic acid, cellulose sulfuric acid, TBAHSO4, cesium fluoride, and so on. Recently, In (OTf) has emerged as a promising catalyst for various organic reactions, including the formation of acetals and thioacetals, the acetylation of indoles, the alkenylation of arenes, the coupling reaction of carbonyls and alkynes, DielsAlder reactions, the formation of tetrahydropyran, the C-arylation of aziridines, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, and so on. On the basis of the importance of xanthene derivatives, novel 1,2,3-triazole- and isoxazole-substituted xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivatives are designed and conceived by using indium triflate as a catalyst. The reaction of 1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbaldehyde (2) and 1,3-cyclohexanedione (1) was performed in different solvents such as ethanol, toluene, and THF at reflux temperature with different catalysts such as ZnCl2, InCl3, BF3*Et2O, piperidine, K2CO3, and In(OTf), and in the absence of a catalyst. The reaction in the absence of a catalyst could not give the product except to recover the starting material. In the presence of catalysts, the formation of the product 3a is observed in different yields. The sequence of the reaction is mainly the condensation of an aldehyde with one molecule of a cyclic-1,3-diketone to form an α,β-unsaturated diketone, which further reacts with another molecule of cyclic-1,3-diketone to result in product 3a; the reaction is outlined in Scheme 1.  Scheme 1. Reaction of 1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbaldehyde (2) with 1,3-cyclohexanedione (1) Of all the catalysts screened, In (OTf) is considered as the best catalyst, giving a 96 % yield in 2.0 h. The results of the screening of different catalysts and solvents, and the yields of products formed in each case, are tabulated in Table 1. Table 1 Screening of catalysts for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole-substituted xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione derivative 3a  Список источников P. Sambasiva Rao, K. Rathnakar Reddy, P. Nagender, RoyyaNaresh Kumar, Pamulaparthy Shanthan Rao and Banda Narsaiah. Indium Triflate-promoted Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-, and Isoxazole-substituted Xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione Derivatives // The Chemical Society of Japan. – 2013. Примерные сайты для поиска статей: 1. Directory of Open Access Journals [Электронный ресурс]: директория полнотекстовых статей профессионального содержания. – Режим доступа: http://doaj.org/. – Дата обращения: 31.05.2018 2. Elsevier [Электронный ресурс] (сайт одного из четырёх крупнейших издательских домов мира, издаёт более 2000 научных журналов). – Режим доступа: https://www.elsevier.com/. – Дата обращения: 31.05.2018 Пример оформления терминологического словаря
Рекомендации по выполнению задания Для выполнения задания изучите следующий теоретический материал: 1. Федорова, М.А. От академического письма – к научному выступлению [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://e.lanbook.com/reader/book/74759/#1 [1: c. 26-33]. 2. Мисуно, Е.А. Письменный перевод специальных текстов [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://e.lanbook.com/reader/book/44166/#1 [2: c. 27-50]. 3. Сапогова, Л.И. Переводческое преобразование текста [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://e.lanbook.com/reader/book/13051/#1 [3: c. 51-66]. Бланк выполнения практического задания 1Терминологические базы данных Список источников: bit.ly/3tPuBTo Cost-Push Inflation Versus Demand-Pull Inflation By Reem Heakal Do you remember how much less you paid for things even two years ago? This increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy is inflation, measured by the Consumer Price Index and the Producer Price Index. But there are different types of inflation, depending on its cause. Here we examine cost-push inflation and demand-pull inflation. Inflation is defined as the rate (%) at which the general price level of goods and services is rising, causing purchasing power to fall. This is different from a rise and fall in the price of a particular good or service. Individual prices rise and fall all the time in a market economy, reflecting consumer choices or preferences and changing costs. So if the cost of one item, say a particular model car, increases because demand for it is high, this is not considered inflation. Inflation occurs when most prices are rising by some degree across the whole economy. This is caused by four possible factors, each of which is related to basic economic principles of changes in supply and demand: Increase in the money supply. Decrease in the demand for money. Decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and services. Increase in the aggregate demand for goods and services. In this look at what inflation is and how it works, we will ignore the effects of money supply on inflation and concentrate specifically on the effects of aggregate supply and demand: cost-push and demand-pull inflation. Aggregate supply is the total volume of goods and services produced by an economy at a given price level. When there is a decrease in the aggregate supply of goods and services stemming from an increase in the cost of production, we have cost-push inflation. Cost-push inflation basically means that prices have been “pushed up” by increases in costs of any of the four factors of production (labor, capital, land or entrepreneurship) when companies are already running at full production capacity. With higher production costs and productivity maximized, companies cannot maintain profit margins by producing the same amounts of goods and services. As a result, the increased costs are passed on to consumers, causing a rise in the general price level (inflation). To understand better their effect on inflation, let’s take a look into how and why production costs can change. A company may need to increases wages if laborers demand higher salaries (due to increasing prices and thus cost of living) or if labor becomes more specialized. If the cost of labor, a factor of production, increases, the company has to allocate more resources to pay for the creation of its goods or services. To continue to maintain (or increase) profit margins, the company passes the increased costs of production on to the consumer, making retail prices higher. Along with increasing sales, increasing prices is a way for companies to constantly increase their bottom lines and essentially grow. Another factor that can cause increases in production costs is a rise in the price of raw materials. This could occur because of scarcity of raw materials, an increase in the cost of labor and/or an increase in the cost of importing raw materials and labor (if the they are overseas), which is caused by a depreciation in their home currency. The government may also increase taxes to cover higher fuel and energy costs, forcing companies to allocate more resources to paying taxes. To visualize how cost-push inflation works, we can use a simple price-quantity graph showing what happens to shifts in aggregate supply. The graph below shows the level of output that can be achieved at each price level. As production costs increase, aggregate supply decreases from AS1 to AS2 (given production is at full capacity), causing an increase in the price level from P1 to P2. The rationale behind this increase is that, for companies to maintain (or increase) profit margins, they will need to raise the retail price paid by consumers, thereby causing inflation.  Demand-pull inflation occurs when there is an increase in aggregate demand, categorized by the four sections of the macroeconomy: households, businesses, governments and foreign buyers. When these four sectors concurrently want to purchase more output than the economy can produce, they compete to purchase limited amounts of goods and services. Buyers in essence “bid prices up”, again, causing inflation. This excessive demand, also referred to as “too much money chasing too few goods”, usually occurs in an expanding economy. The increase in aggregate demand that causes demand-pull inflation can be the result of various economic dynamics. For example, an increase in government purchases can increase aggregate demand, thus pulling up prices. Another factor can be the depreciation of local exchange rates, which raises the price of imports and, for foreigners, reduces the price of exports. As a result, the purchasing of imports decreases while the buying of exports by foreigners increases, thereby raising the overall level of aggregate demand (we are assuming aggregate supply cannot keep up with aggregate demand as a result of full employment in the economy). Rapid overseas growth can also ignite an increase in demand as more exports are consumed by foreigners. Finally, if government reduces taxes, households are left with more disposable income in their pockets. This in turn leads to increased consumer spending, thus increasing aggregate demand and eventually causing demand-pull inflation. The results of reduced taxes can lead also to growing consumer confidence in the local economy, which further increases aggregate demand. Demand-pull inflation is a product of an increase in aggregate demand that is faster than the corresponding increase in aggregate supply. When aggregate demand increases without a change in aggregate supply, the ‘quantity supplied’ will increase (given production is not at full capacity). Looking again at the price-quantity graph, we can see the relationship between aggregate supply and demand. If aggregate demand increases from AD1 to AD2, in the short run, this will not change (shift) aggregate supply, but cause a change in the quantity supplied as represented by a movement along the AS curve. The rationale behind this lack of shift in aggregate supply is that aggregate demand tends to react faster to changes in economic conditions than aggregate supply. As companies increase production due to increased demand, the cost to produce each additional output increases, as represented by the change from P1 to P2. The rationale behind this change is that companies would need to pay workers more money (e.g. overtime) and/or invest in additional equipment to keep up with demand, thereby increasing the cost of production. Just like cost-push inflation, demand-pull inflation can occur as companies, to maintain profit levels, pass on the higher cost of production to consumers’ prices.  Inflation is not simply a matter of rising prices. There are endemic and perhaps diverse reasons at the root of inflation. Cost-push inflation is a result of increased costs of production, itself a result of different factors. The increase in aggregate demand causing demand-pull inflation can be the result of many factors, including increases in government spending and depreciation of the local exchange rate. If an economy identifies what type of inflation is occurring (cost-push or demand-pull), then the economy may be better able to rectify (if necessary) rising prices and the loss of purchasing power. Терминологической словарь
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