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  • Как вы понимаете разницу между следующими терминами Прочитайте и проверьте

  • VOCABULARY FOCUS Match the words or phrases on the left with their equivalents on the right

  • Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right

  • Use the correct form of these words to complete the second column of the chart. Use a good dictionary to help you

  • Use one of the adjectives or nouns above to complete the sentences

  • Check that you know the meanings of the adjectives below

  • Antonyms are sometimes formed by prefixes -un, -im, -in. Write adjectives with the opposite meaning from the exercise above

  • Find in the text “The need for law” examples of the construction

  • Translate the phrases, paying attention to the construction

  • COMPREHENSION Answer the questions on the texts

  • DISCUSSION Comment on the following statements. Give reasons for your answer

  • Трусова Каролина Викторовна ИНО ОЗБ ЮМД-21 СЛ. Закон и правило Уголовное право и гражданское право Закон и мораль. The need for law


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    ТипЗакон
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    UNIT I. WHAT IS LAW?

    1. How do you understand the difference between the following terms? Read and check:

    • A law and a rule;

    • Criminal law and civil law;

    • Law and morality.

    1. Как вы понимаете разницу между следующими терминами? Прочитайте и проверьте:

    THE NEED FOR LAW

    Law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships. It is also a set of rules for good behaviour which is considered right and important by the majority of people as well as supported by the power of the government for moral, religious and emotional reasons.

    The main function of law is a regulative one. Law basically serves two functions in a modern society. First, it serves to order and regulate the relations between all “persons”: individuals, businesses or governments. Secondly, law acts as a standard of conduct and morality. Through both of these functions law forms and regulates the pattern of behaviour of a given society in order to achieve a broad range of social objectives. A modern society cannot exist without law as there would be anarchy in this society then.

    Law is “invisible” for ordinary people and is noticed only when somebody violates its order. If our neighbours play loud music late at night we will probably try to settle the matter in a reasonable and informal way without going to the police. Only when an informal discussion breaks down we will start thinking about law.

    Relations and transactions in modern societies are so complex that often we cannot deal with them without seeking legal advice. We use it when we buy or sell property, settle disputes with our employers, demand a refund for a defective product, try to hold somebody liable for damaging or stealing our possessions. Thus there are different types of law: civil law, criminal law, law of contracts, law of property, labour law, etc.

    Life of a modern society is changing very fast and every day new phenomena appear. Therefore, there is always a demand for new laws to regulate new spheres of life. For example, two hundred years ago there were no cars, so people didn’t need any laws for roads and traffic. With the invention of the car there appeared a need for driving regulations and we cannot imagine our life without these rules. The same happened with the advent of the computer. When the first computer crime took place, no one could be punished for it as there was no law for it; only after this case the need for law on computer crime and later on cybercrime appeared and they started to be developed.

    THE NEED FOR LAW

    Перевод (необходимость в законе)



    1. Law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships.




    1. Закон -это система правил, которые общество или правительство развивают для борьбы с преступностью, деловыми соглашениями и социальными отношениями.

    1. It is also a set of rules for good behaviour which is considered right and important by the majority of people as well as supported by the power of the government for moral, religious and emotional reasons.




    1. Это также свод правил хорошего поведения, который считается правильным и важным большинством людей, а также поддерживается властью правительства по моральным, религиозным и эмоциональным причинам.

    1. The main function of law is a regulative one.

    1. Основная функция права является регулирующей.

    1. Law basically serves two functions in a modern society.




    1. Закон в основном выполняет две функции в современном обществе.

    1. First, it serves to order and regulate the relations between all “persons”: individuals, businesses or governments.




    1. Во-первых, он служит для упорядочения и регулирования отношений между всеми «лицами»: отдельными лицами, предприятиями или правительствами.

    1. Secondly, law acts as a standard of conduct and morality.




    1. Во-вторых, право действует как стандарт поведения и морали.

    1. Through both of these functions law forms and regulates the pattern of behaviour of a given society in order to achieve a broad range of social objectives.

    1. С помощью обеих этих функций закон формирует и регулирует модель поведения данного общества для достижения широкого спектра социальных целей.

    1. A modern society cannot exist without law as there would be anarchy in this society then.




    1. Современное общество не может существовать без закона, так как тогда в этом обществе была бы анархия.

    1. Law is «invisible» for ordinary people and is noticed only when somebody violates its order.

    1. Закон «невидим» для простых людей и замечается только тогда, когда кто-то нарушает его порядок.

    1. If our neighbours play loud music late at night we will probably try to settle the matter in a reasonable and informal way without going to the police.




    1. Если наши соседи будут включать громкую музыку поздно ночью, мы, вероятно, попытаемся урегулировать этот вопрос разумным и неформальным образом, не обращаясь в полицию.

    1. Only when an informal discussion breaks down we will start thinking about law.

    1. Только когда неформальная дискуссия прервется, мы начнем думать о праве.

    1. Relations and transactions in modern societies are so complex that often we cannot deal with them without seeking legal advice.




    1. Отношения и сделки в современных обществах настолько сложны, что часто мы не можем справиться с ними, не обращаясь за юридической консультацией.

    1. We use it when we buy or sell property, settle disputes with our employers, demand a refund for a defective product, try to hold somebody liable for damaging or stealing our possessions.




    1. Мы используем его, когда покупаем или продаем недвижимость, разрешаем споры с нашими работодателями, требуем возврата средств за дефектный продукт, пытаемся привлечь кого-то к ответственности за повреждение или кражу нашего имущества.

    1. Thus there are different types of law: civil law, criminal law, law of contracts, law of property, labour law, etc.




    1. Таким образом, существуют различные виды права: гражданское право, уголовное право, договорное право, имущественное право, трудовое право и т. д.

    1. Life of a modern society is changing very fast and every day new phenomena appear.

    1. Жизнь современного общества меняется очень быстро, и с каждым днем появляются новые явления.

    1. Therefore, there is always a demand for new laws to regulate new spheres of life.

    1. Поэтому всегда существует спрос на новые законы, регулирующие новые сферы жизни.

    1. For example, two hundred years ago there were no cars, so people didn’t need any laws for roads and traffic.




    1. Например, двести лет назад не было автомобилей, поэтому людям не нужны были какие-либо законы для дорог и дорожного движения.

    1. With the invention of the car there appeared a need for driving regulations and we cannot imagine our life without these rules.




    1. С изобретением автомобиля возникла необходимость в правилах вождения, и мы не можем представить свою жизнь без этих правил.

    1. The same happened with the advent of the computer.

    1. То же самое произошло с появлением компьютера.

    1. When the first computer crime took place, no one could be punished for it as there was no law for it; only after this case the need for law on computer crime and later on cybercrime appeared and they started to be developed.




    1. Когда произошло первое компьютерное преступление, никто не мог быть наказан за него, так как для него не было закона; только после этого случая появилась необходимость в законе о компьютерной преступности, а затем о киберпреступности, и они начали развиваться.

    1. Every country tries to provide laws which will help its citizens to live safely and as comfortably as possible but no country has been successful in producing such laws which are completely satisfactory.




    1. Каждая страна старается принять законы, которые помогут ее гражданам жить безопасно и максимально комфортно, но ни одна страна не добилась успеха в подготовке таких законов, которые являются полностью удовлетворительными.

    1. But as you can see life in a civilized society, not in anarchy, is impossible without law, so it is much better to live with the imperfect laws which we have than if we had none at all.




    1. Но, как вы видите, жизнь в цивилизованном обществе, а не в анархии, невозможна без закона, поэтому гораздо лучше жить с несовершенными законами, которые у нас есть, чем если бы у нас их вообще не было.

    VOCABULARY FOCUS

    1. Match the words or phrases on the left with their equivalents on the right:

      1. society

      a. общество

      2. government

      b. нарушать

      3. regulative

      c. юридическая консультация

      4. anarchy

      d. правительство

      5. violate

      e. сделка

      6. transaction

      f. регулятивный

      7. legal advice

      g. изобретение

      8. property

      h. анархия

      9. invention

      i. собственность

      10. labour law

      j. трудовое законодательство

    2. Match each word on the left with the correct definition on the right:




    liable

    a. the people living in a region as an organized group

    objective

    b. is what you are trying to achieve

    Crime

    c. an argument between people

    society

    d. legally responsible

    dispute

    e. an illegal action punished by law

    1. Use the correct form of these words to complete the second column of the chart. Use a good dictionary to help you:


    Noun Adjective

    1. crime

    1. criminal

    2. society

    2. social

    3. power

    3. powerful

    4. individual

    4. individual

    5. moral

    5. moral

    6. modernity

    6. modern

    7. informality

    7. informal

    8. liable

    8. liable

    9. regulation

    9. regular

    10. success

    10. successful




    1. Use one of the adjectives or nouns above to complete the sentences:




    • She always wants to be the best. She is always looking for modern.

    • He regularly breaks norms and rules and sometimes acts violently. His behaviour can be considered anti-moral.

    • He likes people to feel comfortable and relaxed during a meeting. An informal atmosphere is very important to him.

    • In modern legislation there are many different methods of punishment for criminal acts.

    He has always wanted to get high positions in the government - he has always wanted more and more powerful.



    1. Match the antonyms:




    legal

    a. unimportant

    social

    b. impossible

    perfect

    c. law and order

    possible

    d. uncivilized

    modern

    i. asocial

    moral

    f. imperfect

    right

    g. wrong

    important

    h. traditional

    anarchy

    i. illegal

    Civilized

    j. immoral




    1. Check that you know the meanings of the adjectives below:

    Lawful((законный), reliable(надежный), economical(экономичный), popular(популярный), practical(практичный), successful(успешный), attractive(привлекательный), realistic(реалистичный), balanced(сбалансированный), usual(обычный).


    1. Antonyms are sometimes formed by prefixes -un, -im, -in. Write adjectives with the opposite meaning from the exercise above:

    -un

    -im

    -in

    Unfair

    Unreliable

    Unknown

    Unpractical

    Unsuccessful

    Unattractive

    Unrealistic

    Unstable

    Unusual

    immoderate







    1. Find in the text “The need for law” examples of the constructionin order toand translate them.

    Lexical and grammar note Мы используем конструкцию“ш orderto” для выражения цели:

    • In order to do smth. - тот, кто совершает действие, делает это для собственного блага.

    Legislators make new laws in order to build a civilized society.

    • In order for smb. to do smth. - тот, кто совершает действие, делает это для чьего-либо блага.

    Legislators make new laws in order for the society to live safely and comfortably.

    • Конструкция inorderto используется в формальном стиле. В разговорном английском inorder обычно опускается. Например: I went to Hungary (in order) to study law.




    1. Law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships. Закон -это система правил, которые общество или правительство развивают для борьбы с преступностью, деловыми соглашениями и социальными отношениями.

    2. Through both of these functions law forms and regulates the pattern of behaviour of a given society in order to achieve a broad range of social objectives.

    С помощью обеих этих функций закон формирует и регулирует модель поведения данного общества для достижения широкого спектра социальных целей.


    1. Translate the phrases, paying attention to the constructionin order to”:




    1. in order to make new laws, in order to build a civilized society, in order not to be punished, in order to avoid anarchy, in order to support the government, in order to clinch a business deal, in order to function, in order to regulate the relations, in order to provide laws, in order not to violate the law. (для того, чтобы принять новые законы, для того, чтобы построить цивилизованное общество, чтобы не быть наказанным, чтобы избежать анархии, для того, чтобы поддержать правительство, для того, чтобы заключить деловую сделку, для того, чтобы функционировать, для того, чтобы регулировать отношения, для того, чтобы обеспечить законы, чтобы не нарушать закон);

    2. in order for the government to make new laws, in order for the law to function, in order for us to live in a civilized society, in order for a modern society to exist, in order for ordinary people to live safely, in order for new laws to regulate new spheres of life, in order for neighbours to settle the matter(для того, чтобы правительство принимало новые законы, для того, чтобы закон функционировал, для того, чтобы мы жили в цивилизованном обществе, для того, чтобы существовало современное общество, для того, чтобы простые люди жили безопасно, для того, чтобы новые законы регулировали новые сферы жизни, для того, чтобы соседи урегулировали этот вопрос);

    3. чтобы жить в современном обществе, чтобы иметь высокие моральные устои, чтобы закон достиг своей цели, чтобы рабочие получили юридическую консультацию, чтобы привлечь его к ответственности, чтобы преступления не происходили, чтобы пойти в полицию, чтобы он пошёл в полицию, чтобы служить современному обществу, чтобы законы служили современному обществу, чтобы соседи не включали громкую музыку ночью, чтобы урегулировать разногласия, чтобы им урегулировать разногласия, чтобы наказать преступников, чтобы получить денежную компенсацию за бракованный товар(in order to live in a modern society, to have high moral standards, so that the law reaches its goal, so that workers receive legal advice to bring him to justice, so that crimes do not occur, to go to the police, so that he goes to the police, to serve modern society, so that laws serve modern society, so that neighbors do not turn on loud music at night, to settle disagreements, to settle disagreements, to punish criminals, to receive monetary compensation for defective goods.


    COMPREHENSION

    1. Answer the questions on the texts:

    1. What is law? Law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements and social relationships.

    2. 2 What is the main function of law? How is it put into practice? We use it when we buy or sell property, settle disputes with our employers, demand a refund for a defective product, try to hold somebody liable for damaging or stealing our possessions.

    3. Why cannot a society exist without law? A modern society cannot exist without law as there would be anarchy in this society then.

    4. In what situations do we usually need to seek legal advice? Relations and transactions in modern societies are so complex that often we cannot deal with them without seeking legal advice

    5. What types of law do you know? Thus there are different types of law: civil law, criminal law, law of contracts, law of property, labour law, etc.

    6. Why do new laws appear? Life of a modern society is changing very fast and every day new phenomena appear. Therefore, there is always a demand for new laws to regulate new spheres of life

    7. Why does every country try to provide laws? Every country tries to provide laws which will help its citizens to live safely and as comfortably as possible but no country has been successful in producing such laws which are completely satisfactory.


    DISCUSSION

    1. Comment on the following statements. Give reasons for your answer:


    1. There are good laws and bad laws. I believe that there are only good laws, how can you say that the law is bad? Laws in Russia are not adopted at the request of anyone, the council of the federation gathers, where it is discussed.

    2. Should we obey the law which we disagree with or which we consider to be stupid and unnecessary? If they disobey the laws of their country, then I think that anarchy will come very soon.

    3. Are there any laws you would like to change or abolish? I would not like to change or repeal any laws.

    4. Are there any new laws you would like to introduce? It seems to me that I am not entirely competent in this.

    5. Everybody must be equal before the law, regardless of their wealth, social status or position. Yes, I fully agree with this statement.


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