Агабекян учебник для тех.вузов. Агабекян учебник для тех. Агабекян И. П., Коваленко П. И. Английский для технических вузов
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Text B: «HARDWARE»What is hardware? Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system. Computer hardware can be divided into four catego ries: 1) input hardware 2) processing hardware 3) storage hardware 4) output hardware. Input hardware The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer process ing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer. The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Micro phone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer. Electronic cameras are becoming very popular among the consumers for their relatively low price and convenience. Processing hardware The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, inter pret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use effectively. With a well-designed CPU in your computer, you can perform highly sophisti cated tasks in a very short time. Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM. RAM (random access memory) is the volatile compu ter memory, used for creating loading, and running pro grams and for manipulating and temporarily storing data; ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, non-modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed in structions to the system. The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform. Storage hardware The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office fil ing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM. Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic mate rial, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data. Floppy disk (diskette) - thin, usually flexible plas tic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing com puter data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25" and 3.5". 5.25" is not used in mod ern computer systems because of it relatively large size flexibility and small capacity. 3.5" disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used. CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a com pact disc on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now be cause of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays. Output hardware The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the com puter system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor. Monitor is a component with a display screen for view ing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics. Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hard ware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap. Vocabulary: amount — количество capacity — вместительность circuitry — эл. цепи CPU, microprocessor — микропроцессор hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер» input hardware — устройства ввода данных keyboard — клавиатура lap — колени modem — модем mouse — устройство для перемещения объектов на экране, «мышь» output hardware — выходные устройства отображе ния информации printer — принтер processing hardware — устройства обработки данных RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство) ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство) CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD) scanner — сканер sensitive — чувствительный sophisticated — сложный storage hardware — устройства хранения данных temporarily — временно temporary — временный the purpose — цель tier — ярус to affect — влиять to connect — соединять to convert — преобразовывать to direct — управлять to execute — выполнять to interpret — переводить to provide — обеспечивать to reach — достигать to retrieve — извлекать to roll — катать, перекатывать volatile — летучий, нестойкий, временный General understanding: 1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware? 2. What groups of hardware could be defined? 3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware? 4. What is mouse designed for? What is a light pen? 5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC? 6. Can a PC-user change the ROM? Who records the information in ROM? 7. What is storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM? 8. What is modem used for? Can PC-user communi cate with other people without a modem? Exercise 8.6. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text. 1) Computer is an electronic device therefore hardware is a system of electronic devices. 2) The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer process ing. 3) Scanner is used to input graphics only. 4) The purpose of processing hardware is to retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instruc tions provided to the computer. 5) CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper. 6) User is unable to change the contents of ROM. 7) 5.25" floppy disks are used more often because they are flexible and have more capacity than 3.5" disks. 5) Printer is a processing hardware because its pur pose is to show the information produced by the system. 6) Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines. 7) The purpose of storage hardware is to store com puter instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve them when needed for process ing. Exercise8.7. Give definitions to the following us ing the vocabulary 1)CPU 2) ROM 3) Floppy-disk 4) CD-ROM 5) Printer 6) Modem 7) Motherboard 8) Hard disk 9) Keyboard 10) Sound-card Exercise 8.8. Which of the following is Hardware: 1) program 2) mouse 3)CPU 4) printer 5) modem 6) command 7) port 8) cursor or the pointer 9) keyboard 10) character Exercise 8.9. Match the following: 1) процессор 2) клавиатура 3) мышь 4) дискета 5) «винчестер» 6) модем 7) экран 8) ПЗУ 9) ОЗУ a) nonvolatile, non-modifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system. b) the part of a television or computer on which a pic ture is formed or information is displayed. c) rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer programs and relatively large amounts of data. d) an electronic device that makes possible he trans mission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines. e) a set of keys, usually arranged in tiers, for operat ing a typewriter, typesetting machine, computer termi nal, or the like. f) volatile computer memory, used for creating, load ing, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data; main memory. g) central processing unit: the key component of a com puter system, containing the circuitry necessary to in terpret and execute program instructions. h) a palm-sized device equipped with one or more but tons, used to point at and select items on a computer dis play screen and for controlling the cursor by means of analogous movement on a nearby surface. i) a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with mag netic material, for storing computer data and program. Questions for group discussion: 1) Without what parts computer is unable to work? 2) What is the most expensive part of the hardware? 3) What other hardware devices do you know? What are they for? Do you know how to use them? |