Агабекян учебник для тех.вузов. Агабекян учебник для тех. Агабекян И. П., Коваленко П. И. Английский для технических вузов
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Text C: "TYPES OF SOFTWARE»A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the opera tion of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to per form a given task. Computers can input, calculate, com pare, and output data as information. Software deter mines the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: sys tem software and applications software. System software controls standard internal compu ter activities. An operating system, for example, is a col lection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the sys tems programs is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coor dinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a pe ripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on mar keting research strategies trying to do their best to at tract more users (buyers) to their software. As the pro ductivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software inter face look more attractive to the user. These class of pro grams is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. Dur ing the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet. Vocabulary: aid — помощь to attach — присоединять control — управление developer — разработчик equipment — оборудование general-purpose — общего назначения internal — внутренний mainboard — материнская плата memory capacity — вместимость памяти peripheral — периферийный regard — отношение regardless — несмотря на, безотносительно, security — безопасность specific — конкретный, определенный to boot — загружать to check — проверять to complete — совершать, завершать to conduct — проводить to develop — развивать, проявлять to direct — управлять, руководить to handle — управлять, обращаться с to install — устанавливать, встраивать, инсталли ровать to provide with — обеспечивать чем-либо to require — требовать to secure — обеспечивать безопасность to transfer — переводить, переносить Web-browser — «браузер» (программа, позволяю щая пользователю искать и считывать информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet) General understanding 1. What is software? 2. In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided? 3. What is system software for? 4. What is an operating system — a system software or application software? 5. What is a «driver»? 6. What is application software? 7. What is application software used for? 8. What is the tendency in application software mar ket in the recent years? 9. What is the application of the communication soft ware? Exercise 8.10. Which of the following is Software: 1. Program 2. Mouse 3. CPU 4. Word processor 5. Modem 6. Web-browser 7. Operating system 8. Scanner 9. Printer 10. Display Exercise 8.11. Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text: 1) Computer programs only instruct hardware how to handle data storage. 2) System software controls internal computer activi ties. 3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used. 4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives are unavailable for sys tem software. 5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving. 6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware. 7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer re sources. 8) Communication software is in great demand now because of the new advances in communication technolo gies. 9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument. 10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network. Exercise 8.12. Find English equivalents in the text: 1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций. 2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставлен ную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность). 3) Этот класс программ — самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга. 4) Системные программы предназначены для кон кретных устройств компьютерной системы. 5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы <учите» систему «по нимать» вновь присоединенное устройство. 6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его па мять. 7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировало производство со ответствующих программных продуктов возрастаю щим числом компаний-разработчиков. Exercise 8.13. Give definitions to the following using the vocabulary: 1) Software 2) Driver 3) Application software 4) Operating system 5) Communication software 6) Computer 7) Peripheral device 8) Operating system Questions for group discussion: 1) What do you think is more expensive — hardware or software? 2) Has anyone in your group ever purchased software? Why do you think piracy (audio, video, computer soft ware) still exists? FAMOUS PEOPLE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Babbage, Charles (1792-1871), British mathemati cian and inventor, who designed and built mechanical computing machines on principles that anticipated the modern electronic computer. Babbage was born in Teignmouth, Devon, and educated at the University of Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 and was active in the founding of the Analytical, the Royal Astronomical, and the Statistical Societies. In the 1820s Babbage began developing his Difference Engine, a mechanical device that could perform simple mathematical calculations. Although Babbage started to build his machine, he was unable to complete it because of a lack of funding. In the 1830s Babbage began devel oping his Analytical Engine, which was designed to carry out more complicated calculations, but this device was never built, too. Babbage's book, «Economy of Machines and Manufactures» (1832), initiated the field of study known today as operational research. |