Швейцер А.Д. - Теория перевода (1988). Академия наук СССР институт языкознания
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SUMMARY Translation is a multidimensional and multifaceted process determined by the System and norm of the two languages, the two cultures, the two communicative situations (the primary and the secondary), the referential situation, the functional parameters of the source text and the translation norm. The conflict between the detetminants is mirrored in the 'paradoxes of translation'. The interdisciplinary status of translation studies, their close links with contrastive and text linguistics, socio- and psycholinguistics and semiotics, arise from the very nature of translation as not only a speech act but also an act of cross-cultural communication. Linguistic and extralinguistic determinants of translation form a series of filters underlying the strategy of decision making. A major role is played by presuppositions and implications based on background knowledge. A semiotic typology of equivalence levels with the primacy of the pragmatic level of equivalence over the semantic — compo-nential and referential — sub- levels could be supplemented by a functional typology based on the functional dominants of a text. As distinguished from equivalence based on the reproduction of the communicative effect, adequacy stresses adaptation to factors arising from the secondary situation. While equivalence regards translation as a result, adequacy tends to view it as a process. Translatability is treated as a relative concept. Essential translatability recognizes the possibility of partial losses not affecting the major elements of a text. Disctinction is drawn between the translat-ability of text elements and that of whole texts. In the course of translation linguistic meanings are variables. It is the sense determined by the context and the Situation that re-mains invariant. The context and the situation make it possible to neutralize the difference between non- identical meanings and use the latter to convey the same sense. The componential sub-level of semantic equivalence is characterized by structural transformations changing the formal structure of an utterance while the set of semes constituting its sense remains unchanged. These transformations include changes in the morphological structure, use of syntactic devices instead of morphological ones, changes in the syntactic structure, replacement of grammatical devices by lexicophraseo-logical ones. 212 At the referential sub-level the motive forces are the selectivity of languages vis-a-vis the features of the extralinguistic world, differences in the structure of semantic fields, in the semantic interpretation of the referential situation, in the modes of presenting the functional sentence perspective, etc. The basic types of transformations are hyeronymic, hyponimic, interhyponimic, synechdochal, metonymic, metaphoric, etc. The pragmatic factors include communicative intention, orientation towards the receptor and the translator's personality. The transformations are replacement, addition, omission, explanatory translation and compensation. The problems of text linguistics relevant to translation are primarily those of cohesion and text types. ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ От автора ................................................................................................................................. Глава. Статус теории перевода ............................................................................................ Предмет теории перевода ............................................................................................... Теория перевода и контрастивная лингвистика ................................................................ Теория перевода и социолингвистика ............................................................................... Теория перевода и психолингвистика ............................................................................ Теория перевода и лингвистика текста ........................................................................ Теория перевода и семиотика ...................................................................................... Глава I I . Сущность перевода ............................................................................................ Перевод как акт межъязыковой коммуникации .......................................................... Языковые и внеязыковые аспекты перевода. Определение перевода ................................................................................................... Глава I I I . Эквивалентность, адекватность, переводимость. .............................................. Уровни и виды эквивалентности. ................................................................................. Эквивалентность и адекватность. Переводимость ............................................................................................................... Глава IV. Семантические аспекты перевода .................................................................. Значение и смысл ................................................................................................................ Мотивы и типы переводческих трансформаций на компонентном подуровне семантической эквивалентности ............................................................................................................. Мотивы и типы переводческих трансформаций на референциальном подуровне семантической эквивалентности ..................................................................................... Глава V. Прагматические аспекты перевода ..................................................................... Прагматические отношения в переводе ......................................................................... Коммуникативная интенция отправителя ...................................................................... Установка на получателя ................................................................................................ Коммуникативная установка переводчика ..................................................................... Глава V I . Текст и перевод ............................................................................................... Связность текста и перевод ......................................................................................... Стилистика текста и перевод .......................................................................................... Заключение ......................................................................................................................... Литература .......................................................................................................................... 208 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 212 214 CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................................................. С I. The Status of translation theory ...................................................................................... 6 The subject-matter of translation theory ................................................................................ 6 Translation theory and contrastive linguistics ....................................................................... 10 Translation theory and sociolinguistics ................................................................................ 15 Translation theory and psycholinguistics ............................................................................. 21 Translation theory and text linguistics ................................................................................. 28 Translation theory and semiotics ......................................................................................... С II. The essence of translation ........................................................................................... 42 Translation д an interlingual communicative event ............................................................. 42 Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects of translation .............................................................. 48 A definition of translation ................................................................................................... С III. Equivalence, adequacy, translatability ......................................................................... 76 Levels and types of equivalence ........................................................................................... 76 Equivalence and adequacy ................................................................................................. 92 Translatability ..................................................................................................................... С IV. Semantic aspects of translation ................................................................................ 1 1 1 Meaning and sense ........................................................................................................... 111 Motives and types of translation transformations at the componential sub-level of semantic equivalence ...................................................................................................................... 118 Motives and types of translation transformations at the referential sub-level of semantic equivalence ...................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter V. Pragmatic aspects of translation ................................................................................. 145 Pragmatic relations in translation ........................................................................................ 145 The sender's communicative Intention ................................................................................. 147 Orientation towards the receptor.. ...................................................................................... 152 The translator's communicative Orientation ........................................................................ 172 Chapter VI. Text and translation ................................................................................................ 178 Text cohesion and translation ............................................................................................ 178 Text stylistics and translation ............................................................................................ 183 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 205 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 208 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 212 Научное издание Швейцер Александр Давидович ТЕОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА статус, проблемы, аспекты Утверждено к печати Институтом языкознания АН СССР Редактор издательства В.С. Матюхина Художник A.B. Денисова Художественный редактор И.Д. Богачев Технический редактор МН. Серегина Корректор ЭЛ,. Алексеева Набор выполнен в издательстве на электронной фотонаборной системе ИБ№ Подписано к печати 30.06.88. Формат 60 х 90 1/16 Бумага офсетная № 1. Гарнитура Таймс. Печать офсетная. Усл.печ.л. 13,5. Усл.кр.-отт.13,9 Уч.-изд.л. 15,6. Тираж 4100 экз. Тип. зак. 311 Цена р. 60 к. Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени издательство "Наука" 117864 ГСП, Москва В, Профсоюзная ул, д, 90 Ордена Трудового Красного Знамения типография издательства "Наука" 1999034, Ленинград В, я линия, 12 |