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Кысым өлшеу аспатары. Кысым олшеу. ысым бір дене екінші дене бетіне мысалы, имарат іргетасыны грунта, сйытыты ыдыс абырасына, озалтыш цилиндріндегі газды піспекке, т б
Сфигмоманометр Адамның қан айналым жүйесіндегі қысым арнайы құрал сфигмоманометрмен сфигмос - жүрек соғуы немесе сфигмотанометрмен өлшенеді . Бұл құрал сынапты немесе металл манометрден, манжеттен және манжетке ауа айдайтын алмұрт пішінді үрлеуіштен тұрады. Манжет дегеніміз - жалпак резеңке камера, сыртында матадан істелген қапшығы болады. Манжет резеңке түтіктер арқылы манометрмен және үрлеуішпен жалғасады. Қысымды өлшеу үшін манжетті әдетте білекке орайды. Осыдан кейін манжетке ауа айдалады, ол қолды қысып, салатамырға артерия қанның келуі тоқтағанға дейін жүргізіледі. Стетоскоптың көмегімен осы салатамырдың соғуы тыңдала отырып, манжеттегі ауа біртіндеп босатылады. Манжеттегі қысым салатамырдағы қысымнан аз (немесе тең) болған кезде стетоскопта қанның соққаны естіледі, ал манометр жүректің қызметін сипаттайтын қан қысымының жоғарғы мәнін көрсетеді. Осыдан кейін манжеттен ауа жайлап шығарыла бастайды. Дыбыстың өзгерісі қанның айналуына манжеттің бөгет болмайтынын білдіреді. Салатамырдың қызметін сипаттайтын бұл қан қысымын да манометр көрсетеді және ол қан қысымының төменгі мәні болады. Жүрек жұмысы және қан қысымының салатамырдағы және көктамырдағы айырымы - қан айналымның негізгі себебінің бірі. Ал қан қысымы оны өзгеріске ұшырататын ауруларды танып білуге себептеседі. Дені сау адамның қанының жоғары қысымы 110-120 мм сын. бағ., төменгісі 70-80 мм сын. бағ. шамасында.
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)
Вакуум
Вакуум лат. vacuum - қуыс, бостық - кеңістіктің еш заттегісіз күйі (физикалық вакуум), кейде газдық қысымы атмосфералық қысымнан әлдеқайда аздығын (техникалық вакуум) айтады.
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)
Вакуум - атмосфералық қысымның төменгі жайындағы газ қалыбы. Газдық қысымы нөлге тең таза вакуум философиялық түсінік деуге болады, себебі табиғатта ондай кездеспейді, тіпті кездескеннің өзінде куантум физиканың айтуынша еш кеңістік бос бола алмайды. Куантум өріс теориясындағы анықсыздық принципіне сәйкес физикалық вакуумда нөлдік толқындар болып, әрқашан виртуалды бөлшектер пайда болып және жоғалып тұрады.
абсолюттік гидромеханикалық қысымы атмосфералық қысымнан кем РЛ<Р, сұйыктықтың (немесе газ торізді ортаның) күйі; абсолют қысымның (гидромеханикалық) қысымға дейін жетіспеушілігі (кез келген нүктеде немесе сүйықтықтың аймағында): Раж = Ра — РА; вакуумның шамасын өрнектеудің төрт тәсілі бар: күштің ауданға қатынасы; күш/аудан өлшем бірлігімен; ұзындық өлшем бірлігімен (меншікті салмағы белгілі сұйық бағанасының биіктігінің өлшем бірлігімен); атмосфералық үлеспен.
Актуальді немесе лездік вакуум түрлері актуальді кысым жағдайында туындайтын вакуум (уакыттың осы сәтінде) сұйықтыкпен толтырылған кеңістіктің тыныштықтағы кез келген бір нүктесінің сүйықтықтың шамасыньгң атмосфералық қысымынан кем болады.
Орташаланған вакуум — орташаланған абсолюттік қысым жағдайындағы вакуум. Рауалы вакуум қүрылғы немесе құрал үшін мүмкін болатын вакуумның ең үлкен шамасы.
Шекті вакуум кез келген сүйықтықтың белгілі бір температурасында болуы мүмкін ең үлкен вакуум. Бұл вакуум "каныққан бу қысымы" кеңістікті қанықтыратын сүйықтыктың қысымына тең абсолюттік гидромеханикалық қысым жағдайында пайда болады.
Вакуум ұғымы, әдетте тұйық не газы сорылған ыдыстағы газға байланысты айтылады, кейде бұл ұғым бос кеңістіктегі (мысалы, ғарыштағы) газға да қолданылады. Вакуумның дәрежесі қалдық газдардың шамасын өлшей отырып анықталады. Вакуумның физикалық сипаттамасы газ молекулаларының еркін жол ұзындығы (λ) мен нақты процеске не құралға тән өлшемнің (d) ара қатынасы (λ/d) болып есептеледі. Мысалы, өлшемнің (d-ның) қатарына вакуумдық камера қабырғаларының ара қашықтығы, вакуумдық түтіктің диаметрі, электр вакуумдық құралдар электродтарының ара қашықтығы, т.б. жатады. λ/d қатынасының шамасына қарай вакуумды төмен вакуум (λ/d 1), орташа В. (λ/d 1) және жоғары В. (λ/d 1) деп бөледі. Әдеттегі вакуумдық қондырғылар мен құралдарда (d λ 10 см) төмен вакуумға қысымы 1 мм сын. бағ-нан жоғары қысым, орташа вакуумға 1 — 10-3 мм сын. бағ. аралығындағы қысым, ал жоғары вакуумға 10-3 мм сын. бағ-нан төмен қысым сәйкес келеді. Осы кездегі белгілі әдістермен жеткен вакуумның дәрежесі 10-15 — 10-16 мм сын. бағ. Бұл жағдайда 1 см3 көлемде небары бірнеше ондаған ғана молекула қалады.
Техникалық вакуум
Төмен вакуумдағы газ қасиеті молекулалардың бір-бірімен жиі соқтығысуымен анықталады. Соқтығысу кезінде молекулалар арасында энергия алмасу процесі жүреді. Мұндай газда ішкі үйкеліс болады (қыскаша Тұтқырлық) және оның газ ағыны аэродинамика заңдарына бағынады. Төмен вакуумда электр және жылу өткізгіштік, ішкі үйкеліс, диффузия құбылыстары бірқалыпты өзгереді не тұрақты күйінде қалады. Мысалы, төмен вакуумдағы “ыстық” және “салқын” қабырғалар арасындағы кеңістікте газ температурасы бірте-бірте өзгереді. Бұл жағдайда тасымалданатын жылу мөлшері (жылу өткізгіштік) не зат мөлшері (диффузия) қысымға тәуелсіз. Егер газ екі қатынас ыдыста, ал температуралары әр түрлі болса, онда олардың қысымдары теңескенде, температуралары да теңеседі. Төмен вакуум арқылы ток жүргенде шешуші рөлді газ молекулаларының иондалуы атқарады.
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