МУ для основ. разделов граматики (ан.яз). МУ для основ. разделов граматики (ан. Методические указания для обучения основным разделам грамматики английского языка (времена английского глагола в действительном и страдательном залогах)
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Министерство высшего и среднего специального образования Российской Федерации Омский государственный технический университет МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ДЛЯ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ОСНОВНЫМ РАЗДЕЛАМ ГРАММАТИКИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (ВРЕМЕНА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА В ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНОМ И СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГАХ) ОМСК – 2001 Part I Indefinite Tenses. The Active Voice The Present Indefinite Tense Информация I Глаголы в форме настоящего времени группы Indefinite представляют действие как факт и употребляются для выражения обычных, повторяющихся регулярных действий, происходящих вообще в настоящее время. С глаголами в Present Indefinite часто употребляются наречия неопределенного времени: often - часто, seldom – редко, always – всегда, never – никогда, sometimes - иногда, usually – обычно Спряжение глаголов в Present Indefinite
На русский язык глаголы Present Indefinite переводятся глаголом в настоящем времени. Мы живем Он живет Они работают Она работает Вы учитесь учится I. Прочтите и переведите предложения, в которых глагол в Present Indefinite. A. Students get books from the library. They often work in the reading hall. Librarians help them to take necessary books. Masters of science deliver lectures. Teachers give practical lessons. Students organize evening parties. They take part in social work. B. Social work makes our life more interesting and useful. Peter Smirnov likes social work. He works as a trade union leader. His friend Alex helps him. He often speaks to students, asks them about their interests, organizes evening parties and discussions. He gets satisfaction (удовлетворение) from his work. II. Прочтите текст. Укажите в каждом предложении сказуемое. Обратите внимание на тот факт, что при подлежащем в единственном числе глагол имеет окончание «s», во множественном числе окончание «s» имеет имя существительное.
Text Mike and Victor live in the town of Petropavlovsk. They study at school. Both of them like physics and mathematics and devote much time to these subjects because they want to continue their studies. Mike wants to become an engineer of electronics. He wants to work with computing machines and other electronics devices. He reads much about the achievements in the field of radio and electrical engineering as well as about electronics and computing machines. As Victor, he wants to become an officer. He wants to enter the higher military school and devote his life to the service in the Russian Army as a military engineer of electronics. The friends work much with the subjects at school, read many books and try not to miss and popular lecture on the problems of modern engineering. III. Поставьте глаголы в данных предложениях в Present Indefinite. A. My brother (to study) at school. He (to study) well. He (to like) mathematics and physics. He (to help) his friend Victor. Victor (to know) history and literature well, but he (to need) help in physics and mathematics. He (to do) his best to master these subjects. B. we (to live) and (to work) in a large industrial center. The plants and factories of our town (to produce) machines and instruments. The plants (to fulfil) their plans and (to supply) their products to different parts of our country. The workers often (to go) to different cities and (to exchange) experience. Specialists from other enterprises often (to come) to the plants of our town. C. (meet - meets) They ... in our institute students club very often. Peter ... his friends in our students club very often. (work - works) We usually ... in the day time. He ... in the laboratory. (know - knows) He ... you well. His friends ... mathematics well. (play - plays) Many people ... tennis in summer. My friend ... tennis every day. (like - likes) He ... popular science films. We ... this new town. (speak - speaks) This woman ... Russian well. We ... English at our English lessons. IV. Постройте вопросительную и отрицательную форму предложений по модели. do подлеж. live does подлеж. work 1. We live in a new house. 2. Peter works at the plant подлежащее do not work подлежащее does not live 1. This plant produces computers. 2. Students take part in the conference. V. Задайте вашему другу вопросы, пусть он даст на них ответы. Используйте данные глаголы, схему вопросов и модель to leave home at 7 o'clock; to get to the institute by bus; to wash with cold water; to do morning exercises; to read for seminars in the reading hall. do you глагол без окончания - s does he Where do you When does he Модель: to work at the plant Do you work at the plant? I don't work at the plant. Where do you work? I work at the institute. The Past Indefinite Tense Информация 2 Глаголы в форме прошедшего времени группы Indefinite (Past Indefinite) представляют действие как факт и употребляются для выражения обычных, повторяющихся действий в прошлом. По форме образования Past Indefinite английские глаголы подразделяются на стандартные, принимающие окончание - ed (worked [t], answered [d], translated [id]), и нестандартные. образующие Past Indefinite путем чередования звуков в корне (to write - wrote, to see - saw, to take - took). Их вы найдете в таблице неправильных глаголов. С глаголами в Past Indefinite часто употребляются наречия и обстоятельные обороты yesterday - вчера, last week - на прошлой неделе, ago - тому назад, in 1960 - в 1960. I. Прочитайте следующие группы стандартных глаголов в Past Indefinite. Следите за правильным произношением окончания «ed». [d] stayed, answered, formed, trained, listened, opened, lived, returned. [id] translated, lasted, listed, wanted, decided, visited, tested, planted. [t] finished, discussed, worked, asked, thanked, looked, liked, pressed. II. Распределите глаголы на две группы (а - правильные глаголы, b -неправильные глаголы). Запишите их в Past Indefinite, пользуясь таблицей неправильных глаголов: to invite, to bring, to translate, to show, to make, to meet, to spend, to discuss, to examine, to return, to do, to send, to write, to occupy, to build, to see, to go, to want, to employ, to mention, to deliver, to continue, to plan, to begin, to get, to come, to train. Составьте таблицу неправильных глаголов и ведите ее. Ш. Прочтите и переведите предложения, в которых глагол - сказуемое в Past Indefinite: Last year when Nick went to Moscow, he visited many museums. He saw a lot of places of interests. First he went to the History and Lenin Museum because he wanted to see the documents speaking about the history of our Russia. He read many letters, looked at photos of famous revolutionaries, their personal things and saw cinema documents. Then he visited fine arts museums where he admired (восхищаться) masterpieces of famous painters and thought about the great role of arts in our life. IV. Поставьте глаголы в предложениях в Past Indefinite, подберите к каждому предложению обстоятельство last week (month, year), two weeks ago, many years ago, in 1980, yesterday. 1. We (to take part) in the conference....... 2. Komsomol members (to organize) discussion....... 3. My sister (to study) French....... 4. She (to get) letters from her French friend....... 5. My father (to graduate) from the institute....... 6. He (to deliver) lectures on physics at the Technical University .......Now he works at the plant. 7. He (to publish) a number of articles in a scientific journal ……. V. Задайте вашему товарищу вопросы в Past Indefinite. Пусть он на них ответит. Используйте данные глаголы, схему вопросов и модели Did you глагол в I форме......? When did you глагол в I форме......? Where did you глагол в I форме......? Модель: to go to the dining room after classes. Did you go to the dining room after classes? When did you go to the dining room? Where did you go after classes? I went to the dining room after classes. I did not go to the dining room after classes. I went to the library after classes. to read for a seminar - готовиться к семинару to discuss a new book - обсуждать новую книгу to test a new device - испытывать новый прибор to leave school - закончить школу to invite friends - приглашать друзей to visit the fine arts museum - посетить музей изобразительного искусства to listen to classical music - слушать классическую музыку The Future Indefinite Tense Информация 3 Формы Future Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall (I лицо), will (2, 3 лицо) и первой формы глагола без частицы to.
С глаголами в форме Future Indefinite часто употребляются наречия и обстоятельственные обороты tomorrow, in a week (month) - через неделю (месяц), next week (month) — на следующей неделе (месяце); in 1990. Переведите следующие предложения, имеющие сказуемое в Future Indefinite. 1. Bill will graduate from the institute next year. 2. I shall do what I want. 3. Shall we dance at the party? 4. There will be many people at the party. 5. Will you also come? 6. Will Hellen sing songs? 7.I think we shall have a good time. Задайте общие вопросы к данным предложениям 1. Не will work in the Urals. 2. Peter will be busy next Sunday. 3. We shall begin to work at 8 o'clock next week. 4. He will go to the plant by bus. 5. Your brother will help you tomorrow. 6. She will be able to do this work in time. Поставьте глаголы в данных предложениях в Future Indefinite 1. We (to work) hard to make our city one of the most beautiful cities in Siberia. 2. There (to be) still more green parks and squares in our city. 3. Our city (to become) one of the best - planned cities of the world. 4. The new bus routes (маршруты) (to pass) near our house. 5. Our city (to look like) a modern cultural one. Глагол «to be»
Информация 4: Пользуясь соответствующей формой глагола to be, можно построить утвердительные и отрицательные предложения для обозначения 1) местонахождения предмета или лица Я нахожусь в институте. I am at the institute. Мои друзья в спортзале. My friends are in the sport hall; 2) фамилии, имени Моя фамилия Петров. My surname is Petrov. Меня зовут Николаем. My name is Nick; 3) возраста Мне 18 лет. I am 18. Моему отцу 45. My father is 45; 4) профессии, специальности, рода занятий Я студент. I am a student. Они инженеры. They are engineers; 5) неизвестного предмета, его признаков, качества This is a device. It is new. These are new books. They are interesting; 6) времени, расстояния, явления природы, даты, состояния It is 5 o'clock. It is far from here. It is cold. It is the 1st of September. It is necessary to ... необходимо. It is useful to ... полезно. It is impotent to ... важно. It is interesting to ... интересно. It is possible to ... возможно. It is desirable to ... желательно; 7) различных состояний человека to be glad - быть довольным, to be sure - быть уверенным, to be proud of- гордится, to be interested in - заинтересоваться, to be busy - быть занятым, to be present - присутствовать, to be fond of- увлекаться, to be absent - отсутствовать, to be tired - быть усталым. I. Переведите группы предложений: I am a first year student of the Technical University. But my friends isn't. He is a worker. His name is Nick Petrov. He is 20. I am in Omsk. But my parents aren't. They are in the Urals. They are engineers. This text is difficult. But that one isn't. It necessary to use a dictionary. It is impotent to read this text. It is desirable to put down translation. II. Поставьте глагол «to be» в нужной форме (числе, лице, времени), ориентируйтесь на обстоятельства. Usually I (to be) free in evenings. I (to be) fond of music and I (to be) glad when my friends come to me and we listen to new records. My friend Nick (to be) also interested in music. We (to be) fond of classical music. Yesterday he (to be) not busy and came to me. I (to be) tired because I (to be) present at the conference but I (to be) glad to see him. It (to be) interesting for us to listen to new records. I hope that text Sunday we shall be also free and shall be glad to listen to music again. We shall invite our friend Victor. He (to be) busy and will come. Оборот there is, there are Информация 5: Этот оборот служит для указания наличия или отсутствия какого - либо предмета, лица, явления в определенном месте или в определенное время. Предложения с этим оборотом отвечают на вопросы: что имеется? Кто находится? Что бывает? Что наблюдается в определенном месте? there is (are)... - настоящее время there was (were)... - прошедшее время there will be ... - будущее время Утвердительная форма There is a beautiful park in this part of the city. There are some industrial enterprises in this part of the city. There was an old building at this place. There were some old building at this place. There will be a park here. There will be some bus routes in a new district. Вопросительная форма Is there a park in this part of the city? Are there any industrial enterprises in this city? Was there any new building at this place? Will there be any bus routes here? Отрицательнаяформа There is no park in this part of the city. There are no industrial enterprises here. There was no old building here. There will be no park here. Перевод предложений с оборотом there is (are) следует начинать с обстоятельства. There are many higher schools in our town. В нашем городе много вузов. There were many wooden houses in this street. На этой улице было много деревянных домов. There will be about 100 persons at the conference. На конференции будет около 100 человек. Переведите предложения на русский язык 1. There are some interesting articles on this problem in this issue (выпуск). 2. There is great activity among young research workers of our university. 3. There are students of different departments in the scientific society of the university. 4. There are many interesting robots at the exhibition of students works. 5. There are many people at popular lectures organized by the Komsomol Committee. Составьте предложения с оборотом there is, there are, добавив обстоятельства a) в настоящем времени. Образец: There is a language laboratory at our university. There are many laboratories in the building (a computing center, a good dining room, a big library, many books about scientists, classroom, many pictures, drawing halls) б) в прошедшем времени. Образец: There were some students in this classroom. There was a car near the building. (a small garden, an old building, old equipment, only wooden houses, bus - stop) в) в будущем времени. Образец; There will be a new park at this place. (a big stadium, metro, a conference in April, diagrams, computers) г) с отрицанием no (not any). Образец: There is no English class today. There were no classes yesterday. (meeting today, concert at our club, students in the lecture - room, dance to - night, devices on the shelf) Задайте вопросы, содержащие оборот there is (are). Дайте краткие ответы. Работайте в парах. Вопросы: Is there a ... ? Are there (any) ... ? How many ... s are there? Ответы: Yes, there is (are). No, there isn't (aren't). There are many (some) ... s. (a telephone in your apartment, a TV - set in your room, a machine - building faculty at the university, museum, stadium, plants and factories in our city, foreign students in your group, cinema in your street) Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, употребляя оборот there is (are) в нужном времени: 1. В нашем университете много факультетов. 2. На факультете имеются отделения. 3. В России много учебных заведений. 4. Есть ли в Омске университет? 5. Какие факультеты есть в Омском университете? 6. На моем столе была книга. 7. Есть ли стулья в той комнате? 8. В вашей работе много ошибок. 9. На этой улице будет новый кинотеатр. 10. Здесь были старые деревья. Continuous Tenses Информация 6: Глагол в форме Continuous (продолженного вида) представляет действие как процесс и употребляется для выражения продолжающегося незаконченного, длящегося действия, происходящего в какой - либо момент в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице, числе и | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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