Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса. Спбгпму,2013
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Bacteriological Laboratory In spite of immunization and effective treatment by modern drugs infectious diseases are still a major cause of illness and death worldwide. Recognizing microorganisms responsible for diseases is an essential step in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious illnesses. Tests to identify microorganisms play an increasingly important role in medicine today. All traditional tests performed in the bacteriological laboratory can be divided into two main groups: direct and indirect. The first method is microscopy, in which highly magnified images of microorganisms are produced so that they can be detected. Microscopy can be performed on any type of samples from the body, such as blood, urine, sputum or any other material withdrawn from the patient. Different microscopes are used to reveal different microorganisms. Bacteria are usually identified with light microscope. Viruses, which are much smaller than bacteria, are examined with a more powerful electronic microscope. Sometimes test samples are taken and investigated immediately during the surgery, for example, to reveal bacteria causing the patient’s condition.. However, a sample often contains so few organisms that they cannot be identified easily. In such cases the microorganisms may be grown (cultured) to increase their number before microscopy. Most samples are stained before a microscopic investigation to demonstrate the microorganisms they contain (for example, with Gram stain). When the samples are prepared different types of microorganisms can be recognized by their size, shape and color. If the direct identification is impossible serologic methods are used. They are usually applied when a rapid diagnosis is needed or for diagnosing persistent infections (e.g. HIV infection), or to confirm the patient still has the immunity to a previous infection (such as rubella). This test is based on the reaction with antigen and antibody. Antigens and antibodies cannot be observed separately, but when they join together they form a large clump that can be seen by naked eye. The sample that is to be tested is added to the antibody-coated beads. If the suspected microorganism is present in the patient`s sample his antibodies will attach to the antigens beads, producing visible clumping. Although the clumps of antigen and antibody may be seen without a microscope, the test may be made more sensitive by adding a fluorescent or radioactive marker to either the antigens or the antibodies before testing. Words for better understanding: In spite of – несмотря на sample – проба, небольшое количество, взятое для образца clump – слипаться в комок suspect - подозревать b) Answer the questions: .Why are bacteriological tests administered by doctors? .What equipment is needed to perform a bacteriological test? .What is the difference between direct and indirect bacteriological methods? .What kind of samples may be used for testing? .How is it possible to improve examining samples and identification of a pathogenic agent? . What is the basis of serological methods? . When are serologic methods used? . In what cases is it necessary to stain samples? . How can a serological test be made more sensitive? 2. Complete the sentences: .All common bacteriological tests can be divided...... .The bacteriological tests can be performed on any...... .To increase the number of detected microorganisms.... .Testing for antibodies is used when..... .Antigen tests may be made more sensitive....... .In spite of effective immunization and vaccination… . The type of a microscope used to identify bacteria is… . Viruses can be seen only with … because… . Sometimes a serological test is necessary to confirm … . Visible clumps are produced when … 8. TranslateintoEnglish: 1. В стационарном отделении больницы пациенты остаются на лечении несколько дней или недель. 2. Пациенты приходят в амбулаторное отделение, чтобы получить консультацию врача или какую-то процедуру. 3. При госпитализации в присемном отделении медсестра записывает общую информацию о пациенте в его историю болезни. 4. Медсестры также фиксируют основные признаки жизнедеятельности организма госпитиализируемого больного и передают их врачу. 5. Принимающий врач осматривает пациента, доставленного скорой помощью, и решает, в какое отделение (службу) больницы он должен быть доставлен. 6. Больные в критическом состоянии получают немедленное лечение. 7. Медсестры работают посменно, чтобы всегда быть в пределах досягаемости больного. 8. Медсестры больницы делают инъекции, ставят капельницы, берут желудочный сок для анализа. 9. Различные анализы крови, мочи и другие помогают врачу поставить правильный диагноз. 10. Во время своего обхода палат врачи измеряют давление и пульс у пациентов с заболеваниями сердца. 11. УЗИ позволяет контролировать деятельность органов брюшной полости. 12. Этому больному сделали ЭКГ и обнаружили у него увеличение правого желудочка сердца. 9. Read the list of various tests given below and explain why a doctor has ordered them. Try to give more reasons Model: X-ray– Doctor ordered X-ray of lungs to exclude pneumonia in the patient. X-ray, CT, ultrasound scan, MRI, digestive juice test, blood test, urine test, ECG Creative Thinking Situations OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT According to the rules of the Ministry of Public Health in our country every citizen of Russia is served by the local polyclinic of his residential community. A special document with the information about the patient is constantly kept there. A British journalist, Ms. Smith, is interested. Give her a complete description of the medical record explaining when, how, and by whom it is filled in. There are many doctors including local physicians, surgeons, neurologists, otorhinolaryngologists, radiologists, ophthalmologists, gynecologists, and others working at the polyclinic. Discuss with a young American doctor the working conditions of various specialists, advantages and disadvantages of their duties or work schedule. The work schedule of every local physician includes consulting hours and going out to calls to visit those patients who are really seriously ill and that’s why can’t go to the polyclinic themselves. Your British colleague, MD, wants to know: “What about the job of your local physician? How many days and hours a week does he work with his patients at the polyclinic and how much time does he spend on medical documentation?” Patient Anna Belox aged 54 complained of a bad pain in the left side of the chest. She breathed heavily and became pale. The chest pain was associated with physical exertion. General weakness and poor appetite accompanied the condition. You are working with an English resident. Discuss the following issues with him. What specialist should examine her? What should the medical examination start with? What instrumental investigation can the patient be referred to? Radiography is the use of radiation in the diagnosis. It involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of radiation to produce an image of the internal organs. Organs with high density such as ribs and spine appear white or light grey on the image, but lung tissue appears dark. Before some types of X-rays patients are given a special liquid called a contrast medium. Write a paragraph for a medical textbook in English explaining what instructions should be given the patient to make a chest X-ray correctly. IN-PATIENT DEPARTMENT “There are a few things about your lifestyle we would address. Perhaps you could think of cutting down on the amount you are drinking. Giving up smoking would help a lot. You should try to avoid tight clothing, sitting in deep armchairs and bending, especially after meals,” – said the ward doctor to the patient at his discharge from the hospital. What department is the patient leaving? Patient Games Watkins was treated at the hospital. His temperature was taken every morning, he was given the prescribed medicines, his blood pressure was measured regularly. He was also given the intramuscular injections of vitamin B6 and some intravenous injections to improve the immune system. What health care worker ordered the above-mentioned procedures? Who of the hospital staff carried out the administrations? Patient Sandra Savage aged 7 was playing in the garden quite actively and fell down. She impaired her right upper extremity. There was a deep bleeding wound on the lateral surface. The ambulance carried the little patient to the hospital. What specialist of which department should examine her? A 53-year old woman with incurable muscular dystrophy flew to Switzerland hospital to end her life as assisted dying is legal in this country. Opponents of euthanasia argue that legalization of this procedure in hospitals would lead to abuse and does not allow such patients to die with dignity. What’s your opinion on the problem? Sam Samur is a hospital physiotherapist. She works mainly with patients who have conditions or injuries affecting the lower extremities such as fractures, torn ligaments, and cartilage tears. Most of her patients are referrals from other departments in her hospital. Will you describe a routine working day of this specialist? CHEMIST’S SHOP There are different types of medication the usage of which is chosen according to many reasons. So creams are more acceptable cosmetically being less visible. Ointments are greasier than creams and have a thicker texture. Pastes are stiffer preparations which contain more powdered solids. Lotions are liquid and used mostly in hairy areas. Try to give the same comparison chain to the following remedies: tablets – capsules - pills, solution – syrup – spray. Any label of the drug contains a lot of useful information: the name of it, the ingredients, the directions for administration, the dosage to be taken, the possible side-effects, the limitations, and some other necessary points. Do you personally always read everything up to the very end? Why? In our country a chemist’s shop sells a wide range of non-prescription medicines and other products such as cosmetics. Should there be any limitations on what can be bought at the chemist’s? Any label of the drug contains a lot of useful information: the name of it, the ingredients, the directions for administration, the dosage to be taken, the possible side-effects, the limitations, and some other necessary points. Think, reply to the following questions and explain your answer. Which items are more important for doctors and what parts should be studied by consumers mostly? “I am going to be a mother in some months, you know. And I would like to prepare everything beforehand. What kind of remedies can you recommend to buy now in order to have them available at home?” - said a young woman to a pharmacist at the chemist’s. What would you advise her? 2 GP – general practitioner –врач общей практики 3 Profile – совокупность параметров; medication profile – совокупность лекарств для лечения данного больного и данного состояния 4 EMS – Emergency Medical Service 5 GP – general practitioner, a physician |