БОК политология Омарбекова А.Т. 0704000,0701000. Общее количество на предмет 28 часов
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Тема: The main concepts of sociology. The applied sociological research. Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists, which follows a systematic plan. Social research methods can generally vary along a quantitative/qualitative dimension. Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims. Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality. While various methods may sometimes be classified as quantitative or qualitative, most methods contain elements of both. For example, qualitative data analysis often involves a fairly structured approach to coding the raw data into systematic information, and quantifying intercoder reliability. Thus, a strong distinction between "qualitative" and "quantitative" should really be seen as a somewhat more complex relationship, such that many methods may be both qualitative and quantitative. Social scientists employ a range of methods in order to analyze a vast breadth of social phenomena; from census survey data derived from millions of individuals, to the in-depth analysis of a single agents' social experiences; from monitoring what is happening on contemporary streets, to the investigation of ancient historical documents. The methods rooted in classical sociology and statistics have formed the basis for research in other disciplines, such as political science, media studies, program evaluation and market research. Society. A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among its constituent members. In the social sciences, a larger society often evinces stratification and/or dominance patterns in subgroups. A society can also consist of like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society. This is sometimes referred to as a subculture, a term used extensively within criminology. More broadly, a society may be illustrated as an economic, social, or industrial infrastructure, made up of a varied collection of individuals. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups. A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as the Saxons; a nation state, such as Bhutan; or a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. The word society may also refer to an organized voluntary association of people for religious, benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or other purposes. A "society" may even, though more by means of metaphor, refer to a social organism such as an ant colony or any cooperative aggregate such as, for example, in some formulations of artificial intelligence. Etymology and usage  The term "society" came from the Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the noun socius ("comrade, friend, and ally"; adjectival form socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction among parties that are friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.), although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society in this sense may be deemed to be "antisocial". Adam Smith wrote that a society "may subsist among different men, as among different merchants, from a sense of its utility without any mutual love or affection, if only they refrain from doing injury to each other." Conceptions of society. Society, in general, addresses the fact that an individual has rather limited means as an autonomous unit. The Great apes have always been more (Bonobo, Homo, Pan) or less (Gorilla, Pongo) social animals, so Robinson Crusoe-like situations are either fictions or unusual corner cases to the ubiquity of social context for humans, who fall between presocial and eusocial in the spectrum of animal ethology. In political science. Societies may also be organized according to their political structure. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society. Types of societies Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies, the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige, or power. Virtually all societies have developed some degree of inequality among their people through the process of social stratification, the division of members of a society into levels with unequal wealth, prestige, or power. Контрольные вопросы: 1. The main sociological concepts. 2. What components does political culture include? 3. Is personality cult an absence of political culture? 4. What is the role of ideology in the modern political life? 5. Can a state exist without ideology? 6. What rights and freedoms are related to social-economical and cultural ones? УРОК 14 Review (Повторение) The science of politics The main subject at Political Science is politology; the science of politics. You will gain insight into society, the political system and the interaction between political leaders, organizations, social conditions and citizens. You will also learn about political theory, sociology, law, economics and management, international relations, public administration and research method. Political science, the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political power (imperium in Latin) is a type of power held by a group in a society which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labour and wealth. There are many ways to obtain possession of such power. At the nation-state level political legitimacy for political power is held by the representatives of national sovereignty. Regime. The word regime (also "régime", from the original French pronunciation) refers to a set of conditions, most often of a political nature. Politics In politics, a regime is the form of government: the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc. that regulate the operation of government and its interactions with society. Political institutions are organizations which create, enforce, and apply laws; that mediate conflict; make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems; and otherwise provide representation for the populous. Cult of personality A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized, heroic, and, at times god-like public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. Sociologist Max Weber developed a tripartite classification of authority; the cult of personality holds parallels with what Weber defined as "charismatic authority". A cult of personality is similar to hero worship, except that it is established by mass media and propaganda. International relations (IR) is the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it both seeks to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered a branch of political science. Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity. литература Основная: Назарбаева Д.Н. Демократизация политических систем стран СНГ. – А., 1998. Назарбаев Н. А. В потоке истории. – А., 1996. Основы политологии: Курс лекций / Н. К. Канесов и др. – А., 1995. Политология / под ред. Нысанбаева А. Н. – А., 1998. Политология. Учебник/ под ред. Байдельдинова Л. А. – А., 1996. Сорокин П. А. Человек. Цивилизация. Общество. – М., 1992. Харчева В. Основы социологии. – М., 1999. Дополнительная: 1. Абай. Избранное. – М., 1970. 2. Аль-Фараби. Историко-философские трактаты. - А., 1985. 3. Алтынсарин И. Собрание сочинений. - Т. 2. 4. Аристотель. Политика. – 1983. 5. Арон Р. Демократия и тоталитаризм. – М. 1993. 6. Аяганов Б. Государство Казахстан: эволюция общественных систем. – А., 1993. 7. Бөкейханов Ә. Шығармалар. – А., 1994. Валиханов Ч.Ч. Избранные произведения.- М.,1978. Власть: очерки современной политической философии Запада. – М., 1989. Джунусова Ж.Х. Президент. Институты демократии. – А., 1996. Даль Р. Введение в теорию демократии. – М., 1992. История политических и правовых учений. – М., 1990. Кадыржанов Р.К. Консолидация политической системы Казахстана: проблемы и перспективы. – А., 1999. Массовые демократические движения: истоки и политическая роль. – М., 1988. Мировое политическое развитие: век ХХ. – М., 1995. Мухаев Р.Т. Основы политологии. – М., 1996. Учебные и справочные пособия: Казахстанская политологическая энциклопедия. – А., 1996. Политология. Энциклопедический словарь. – М., 1993. |