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Тематический план дисциплины «Fundamentals of Politology and Sociology» для специалиста среднего звена
Базовые опорные конспекты по предмету «Fundamentals of Politology and Sociology» «Основы политологии и социологии» УРОК 1 Тема: Politology as a science and a subject. INTRODUCTION The science of politics The main subject at Political Science is politology; the science of politics. You will gain insight into society, the political system and the interaction between political leaders, organizations, social conditions and citizens. You will also learn about political theory, sociology, law, economics and management, international relations, public administration and research method. Political science, the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behavior. Government and politics have been studied and commented on since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it is only with the general systematization of the social sciences in the last 100 years that political science has emerged as a separate definable area of study. Political science is divided into a number of subfields, the most prominent being political theory, national government, comparative government, international relations, and special areas shared with other social sciences such as sociology, psychology, and economics. Political theory encompasses the following related areas: the study of the history of political thought; the examination of questions of justice and morality in the context of the relationships between individuals, society, and government; and the formulation of conceptual approaches and models in order to understand more fully political and governmental processes. The study of national government focuses on the political system of the researcher's particular country, including the legal and constitutional arrangements and institutions; the interaction of various levels of government, other social and political groups, and the individual; and proposals for improving governmental structure and policy. Comparative government covers many of the same subjects but from the perspective of parallel political behavior in several countries, regions, or time periods. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, and legislature. International relations deals both with the more traditional areas of study, such as international law, diplomacy, political economy, international organizations, and other forms of contact between nation states, and with the development of general, scientific models of international political systems. International relations deal with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions." Political science intersects with other fields; including anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology, history, law, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle. Political Science is the study of politics, governments, public policies and political processes, of political systems, institutions and behavior. Political Science can also be thought of as the study of relations of power. Political scientists use both humanistic and scientific perspectives and tools, and a variety of methodological approaches, to examine local, national, regional, and global political processes and dynamics and to consider how we ought to live as political communities. Sociology and political science are so closely and deeply related to each other that one becomes meaningless without the other. According to Morris Ginsberg ''Historically, Sociology has its main roots in politics and philosophy of history". The state, which is the center of political science in its early stage, was more of a social than political institution. Sociology is the fundamental social science, which studies man's social life as a whole and attempts to discover the facts and the laws of life as a whole. Political science, on the other hand, is concerned with the political life of a man, which is one part of his total life. Sociology is the science of society where as the political science is mainly concerned with the state and government. These two social sciences are very common in certain spheres. Political science is a branch of sociology, which deals with the principles of organization and government of human society. The subject matter of political science thus comes within the field of sociology. Sociology depends very much on political science in every respect. The state and governments make laws for the welfare of the society; the government removes social evils such as poverty, unemployment, dowry and so on from the society. Social institutions and social organizations are regulated by the state and government. Sociology studies various aspects of political activities through the help of political science. The government can bring about changes in the society with the help of laws. Thus, both sociology and political science depends upon each other. Both are inter-related and inter-dependent. Truly, it can be said that society is the mirror of politics of the country. According to G.E.G. Catlin, sociology and political science are the two faces of the same figure. In the opinion of EG. Wilson "It must be admitted of course, that it is often difficult to determine, whether a particular writer should be considered as sociologists or political theorist or philosopher. Контрольные вопросы: What is the main subject of Political science? Name the main subfields of Political science? What is the political theory? What is national government? What is the difference between national government and comparative government? УРОК 2 Тема: Politics as a social phenomenon. What is politics? Politics is the science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs. Politics is the practice or study of the art and science of forming, directing, and administrating states and other political units; the art and science of government; Politics is the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It is an essentially social activity, on the one hand, to the existence of diversity and conflict, and on the other to a willingness to co-operate and act collectively. Politics has been understood differently by different thinkers and within different traditions. Politics has been viewed as the art of government or as ‘what concerns the state’, as management of public affairs, as the resolution of conflict through debate and compromise, and as the production, distribution and use of resources in the course of social existence. There is considerable debate about the realm of ‘the political’. Conventionally, politics has narrowly been seen as embracing institutions and actors operating in a ‘public’ sphere concerned with the collective organization of social existence. However, when politics is understood in terms of power-structured relationships, it may be seen to operate in the ‘private’ sphere as well. A variety of approaches have been adapted to the study of politics as an academic discipline. These include political philosophy or the analysis of normative theory, an empirical tradition particularly concerned with the study of institutions and structures, and a variety of modern approaches including the use of rational-choice theory. The origin of political science can be traced back from 1792 to 1750 BC. This was known as the Hammurabi code. This code provided the legal and political framework for stable government as justified by the existence of good rule in the ancient time. However, the primary development of political science originated from the time of Plato (427-347 BC), a Greek Philosopher who systematically analyzed the political system of the ancient state of Greece. The origin of political science comes from the term “political” is derived from the Greek word “polis” which means “city” and “science” comes from the Latin term“scire”. Plato and Aristotle were two political scientists in the ancient Greece who continuously quest for the systematic analysis on the political system of the city-state. Although, Aristotle was the father of political science, the work of Plato on “The Republic” gave him the recognition as the parent of political philosophy. Plato advocated philosopher kings or “guardians” as political rulers who had the necessary wisdom to govern the state. The political philosophy behind the philosopher kings were the intellectual attributes and wisdom to give the best political judgment in governing the state. The “Republic” was the 1st systematic study of the political process that generated the ideal of elite politicians who used more on rationality to govern the state. On the other hand, Aristotle was the 1st political scientist who excelled in the field of science, logic and politics. He was Greek philosopher who was also a student of Plato and known to be the tutor of Alexander the Great. Aristotle made generalization about the political consequences of the various constitutional processes. His political advocacy was the establishment of written rules of governance and made comprehensive analysis of the political culture of the community. He later called this field as the “queen of sciences.” As result of the evolving principles and concepts of political science, the original ideas of Plato and Aristotle on government and state had fully realized in the systematic study of political organizations and institution in the contemporary time. The political manifestation of the idea of Aristotle generated the fundamental study on the law of the land through the formulation, enactment and application of constitution. As a written law of the state provides information of the basic political structure, processes and systems of governance. Political power (imperium in Latin) is a type of power held by a group in a society which allows administration of some or all of public resources, including labour and wealth. There are many ways to obtain possession of such power. At the nation-state level political legitimacy for political power is held by the representatives of national sovereignty. VOCABULARY: political entity – политический феномен internal and external affairs – внутренние и внешние силы to amend the general rules – вносить поправки в правила the existence of diversity – существование разнообразия empirical tradition – эмпирическая традиция coherent - связный quest for - поиски political advocacy – политическая защита political legitimacy – политическая законность Контрольные вопросы: What is politics? How has the politics been viewed by different political thinkers? What is the main idea of political philosophy? What are the tools of political analysis? What is Hammurabi code? When is the primary development of political science? What does the word “political” mean? Who was the parent of political philosophy? What is the political power? 3. Какова основная идея политической философии? 4. Каковы инструменты политического анализа? 5. Что такое кодекс Хаммурапи? 6. Когда происходит первичное развитие политической науки? 7. Что означает слово “политический”? 8. Кто был родоначальником политической философии? 9. Что такое политическая власть? УРОК 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||