Term
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Pronunciation
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Definition
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Example
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Russian
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Unit 4
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force (n, c)
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/fɔːs/
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any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.
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Changing an object's velocity means accelerating it, which implies a relationship between force and acceleration
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Сила
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friction (n, u)
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/ˈfrɪkʃn/
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the force which acts to oppose the motion between two surfaces as they move over each other
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Friction makes it possible to grip and hold things, drive a car, walk, and run.
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Трение
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static friction
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/ˈstætɪk ˈfrɪkʃn/
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the maximum value of the frictional force between two surfaces which can prevent one surface from sliding over another
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If a car travels in a circle on flat ground, the force of static friction between the tires and the ground provides the necessary centripetal force.
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сила трения
покоя
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kinetic (dynamic) friction
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/daɪˈnæmɪk ˈfrɪkʃn/
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the value of frictional force when one surface is sliding over another
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We call the friction force for an object in motion the force of kinetic friction.
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динамическое
трение
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gravitational force
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/ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl /fɔːs/
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the force of attraction that objects have on one another because of their masses
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The gravitational force exerted by a uniform sphere on a particle out side the sphere is the same as the force exerted if the entire mass of the sphere were concentrated at its center.
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Сила гравитации
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weight (n, c/u)
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/weɪt/
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the gravitational force exerted on an object by the Earth
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Unlike mass, weight is not an inherent property of an object because it can take different values, depending on the value of g in a given location.
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Вес
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inertia (n, u)
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/ɪˈnɜːʃə/
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the tendency of an object to resist a change in speed (acceleration) caused by a force
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While inertia is the tendency of an object to continue its motion in the absence of a force, mass is a measure of the object's resistance to changes in its motion due to a force.
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Инерция
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mass (n, c/u)
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/mæs/
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the quantity of matter in an object (or a body).
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The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and mass is called dynamics.
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Масс
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Term
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Pronunciation
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Definition
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Example
|
Russian
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Unit 5
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energy (n, u)
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/ˈenədʒi/
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the capacity of a system to do work
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Energy is present in the Universe in a variety of forms, including me chanical, chemical, electromagnetic, and nuclear energy
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Энегрия
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work (n, a)
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/wɜːk/
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the energy transfer that occurs when a force causes an object to move a certain distance in the direction of the force
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The programmer exerts very little force on the keys of a keyboard, creating only small displacements, so relatively little physics work is done.
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Работа
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joule (c)
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/dʒuːl/
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quantity that is done by a force of one newton moving one meter in the direction of the force.
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The unit of latent heat is the joule per kilogram (J/kg).
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Джоуль
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potential energy
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/pəˈtenʃl ˈenədʒi/ t
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the energy which is stored in a body or system because of its position, shape or state
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A system of interacting objects has potential energy associated with the configuration of the system.
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Потенциальная энергия
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energy conversion
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kənˈvɜːʃn/
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a change of one energy form into another
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The generalization of gravitational potential energy and energy conservation offers an easy route to such results as planetary escape speed.
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Преобразование энергии
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power (n,u)
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/ˈpaʊə(r)/
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the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred
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he issue is particularly interesting for living creatures, since the maximum work per second, or power output, of an animal varies greatly with output duration.
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Мощность
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law of conservation of energy
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/lɔː əv ˌkɒnsəˈveɪʃn əv ˈenədʒi /
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law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another
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Once the concept of energy was broadened to include internal energy, the law of conservation of energy emerged as a universal law of nature.
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Закон сохранения энергии
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Term
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Pronunciation
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Definition
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Example
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Russian
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Unit 6
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momentum (n, u)
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/məˈmen.təm/
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he force that keeps an object moving
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Intuitively, anyone or anything that has a lot of momentum is going to be hard to stop.
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Импульс
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product (n, c)
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/ˈprɒd.ʌkt/
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the result of multiplication
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The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with velocity v is the product of its mass and velocity.
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результат
(умножения)
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collision (n, c)
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/kəˈlɪʒ.ən/
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the sudden, forceful coming together in direct contact of two bodies
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A collision may be the result of physical contact between two objects.
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Противодействие, столкновение
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recoil (n, u)
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/rɪˈkɔɪl/
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movement backwards, usually from some force or impact
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Recoil buffering allows the maximum counter-recoil force to be lowered so that strength limitations of the gun mount are not exceeded.
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Отдача
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impact (n, c/u)
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/ˈɪm.pækt/
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the force or action of one object hitting another
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How does the impact af fect the motion of each vehicle, and what basic physical principles deter mine the likelihood of serious injury
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Воздействие
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explosion (n, c)
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/ɪkˈspləʊ.ʒən/
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the fact of something such as a bomb exploding
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When the explosion occurs, the gas presses against the chamber in all directions, but can't press against anything at the hole, where it simply escapes into space.
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Взрыв
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propulsion (n, u)
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/prəˈpʌl.ʃən/
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a force that pushes something forward
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Develop and adopt more efficient ship designs with new propulsion and combustion systems or that use renewable fuels
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Движущая сила
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Term
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Pronunciation
|
Definition
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Example
|
Russian
|
Unit 7
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circular motion
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ˈsərkyələr ˈmōSH(ə)n
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movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path
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A dynamics of circular motion now steps into the foreground, and with it the physics of heavenly bodies as the purest representation of this dynamics.
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Круговое движение
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centripetal force
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senˈtripədl fôrs
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the force that pulls an object that is moving in a circle toward the center of the circle
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This "towing" hypothesis also does not address how the inner nuclear layer neurons are displaced laterally or explain the centripetal movement of the cones.
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Центростремительная сила
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escape speed
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əˈskāp spēd
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the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body, that is, to achieve an infinite distance from it
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Note that the minimum escape speed assumes that there is no friction (e.g., atmospheric drag), which would increase the required instantaneous velocity to escape the gravitational influence, and that there will be no future acceleration or deceleration
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Вторая
космическая
скорость
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cycle (n, c)
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ˈsīk(ə)l
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one complete oscillation
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A vibration can be a single or multiple event, whereas oscillations are usually repetitive for a significant number of cycles.
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Цикл
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satellite (n, c)
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ˈsadlˌīt
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a natural object moving around a larger object in space, or an artificial object sent up into space to travel around the earth:
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It allows crew members to contact starships in orbit without relying on an artificial satellite to relay the signal.
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Спутник
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fictitious forces
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fikˈtiSHəs
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a force that appears to act on a mass whose motion is described using a non-inertial frame of reference
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The forces you feel in a moving car— those that push you back into your seat when the driver steps on the gas or throw you side to side when the car makes sharp turns—are everyday examples of fictitious forces
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Сила инерции
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radian (n, c)
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ˈrādēən
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the measure of an angle at the center of a circle opposite an arc that is the same length as the radius
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The state variables have different units, for example meters for position and radians per second for angular velocity
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Радиан
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