Семинар по лексикологии. Семинары. Seminar 1 the object of lexicology theoretical Part
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Seminar 1 THE OBJECT OF LEXICOLOGY Theoretical Part 1.The basic terms of Lexicology. 2.General and special Lexicology. Historical and descriptive Lexicology. 3.Two principal approaches in linguistics synchronic and diachronic. 4. The notion of lexical system. 5.Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships in linguistics. 6.The connection of Lexicology with Phonetics, Stylistics and Grammar. 7. The theoretical and practical value of Lexicology. Practical Part 1.What is the difference between: a) 'subject and sub'ject, 'import and im'port, 'conduct and con'duct, 'transfer and trans'fer, 'increase and in'crease, 'contract and con'tract, 'record and re'cord, 'insult and in'sult, 'export - ex'port, 'conflict — con'flict, 'contrast - con'trast, 'protest - pro'test, 'present — pre'sent, 'attribute - att'ribute b) 'blackboard - 'black 'board a 'green-house - a 'green 'house Give your own examples of the same kind. 2.Show that the words “whole”, “heal” and “hail” are etymologically related. 3.State and explain the difference in the lexical meaning of the verb “to go” in the following sentences, My brother goes to school every day. Are you going to stay here long! 4.Give reasons for the existence of the following grammatically equivalent plural forms: "brothers" and "brethren". 5. What now (grammatically conditioned} lexical meaning have the plural forms of the following words acquired: Arm-arms, picture - pictures, carrot - carrots, colour - colours, quarter - quarters, spectacle – spectacles, glass – glasses, tail – tails, iron – irons. Main theoretical sources to be used: R.S. Ginzburg, S.S. Khidekal, G.Y. Knyazeva, A.A. Sankin. A Course in Modern English, lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p.7- 12. 2. I.V. Arnold. The English Word. Moscow, 1973, p.p. 9-20. 3. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. M., 1956, c, 5-II. Supplementary theoretical sources: 1.О.С. Ахманова и др. Принципы и методы лексикологии как социолингвистической дисциплины. М., 1971. 2.С.И. Ожегов. Лексикология .Культура речи. М., c. 20-29. Seminar 2 SEMASIOLOGY Theoretical. Part 1. Semasiology as a branch of Lexicology. 2. Referential Approach to Meaning, "Basic triangle" as the most popular referential model of meaning. 3. Criticism of referential theories. 4. Functional Approach to Meaning, Its merits and demerits. 5. Componential Analysis in Semasiology. Lexical and grammatical meaning in a word. Types of lexical meaning denotational and connotational free and bound (V.V. Vinogradov) direct and figurative primary and secondary; (I.V. Arnold) concrete and abstract Practical Part 1)State the distribution of the words "agree" and "agreement" in the following sentences: a)Do you agree with me that he is right? b)Have you reached agreement concerning the problem at last? 2)Which of the given words possess connotational meaning: girl, girlie, bed, see, look, peep, glance, stare, gaze, infant, child, baby. 3)Translate the following phrases. State whether the meaning of the underlined words is free or bound: to run along the street, to run in one's head, to make boxes of paper, to make students attend classes regularly. Theoretical sources: 1.R.S. Ginsburg, S.S. Khidekel, G.Y. Knyazeva, A.A. Sankin “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, Moscow, 1979, p13- 22. 2.И.В. Арнольд. “Лексикология современного английского языка”, М., 1959, с.5-62 3. I.V. Arnold, “The English Word”, Moscow. 1973, p.p.112—125. 4. B.B, Виноградов, “Основные типы лексических значений - Вопросы языкознания”, 1953, № 5. Supplementarytheoreticalsources 1.Э.М. Медникова, “Значение слова и методы его описания”, М., 1974. 2.Е.В. Гулыга, Е.И, Шендельс. О компонентном анализе значимых единиц языка. - В кн.:“Принципы и методы семантических исследований”.М., 1976, с. 291-314. 3.Ogden C.K., Richards. Т.E. “The Meaning of Meaning”. London, 1964. 4.Nida E, “Componental Analysis of Meaning”. Mouton, 1975 5.Antal L,”Questions of Meaning”. The Hague, 1963» Seminar 3 GENERAL PROBLEMS IN THE THEORY OF THE WORD Theoretical Part 1. The problem of the definition of the word. 2. The Size-of-Unit Problem. 3. The Identity-of-Unit Problem. 4. Motivation, Types of motivation. 5. Semantic Changes a)Specializations; b)generalizations; c)metaphor; d)metonymy; e)minor types of semantic change 6. Causes of Semantic Change. Practical Part 1. What is the difference between the two linguistic units expressing the same idea: кораблекрушение “shipwreck” and "(the) wreck of the ship"? 2. Translate the following tongue-twister. Point out homonymous words and word-forms. “Of all the saws I ever saw saw I never saw a saw saw as that saw saw". 3. By what type of motivation are the following words characterized "rearrange", "finger-ring", "whisper", "splash ", "cuckoo", "mouth" (of the river), "mother" (of invention), "eatable", "flop", "singer"? 4. Analyse the change of meaning in the following cases and state whether it results in specialization or generalization: a)OE glidan (to move gently and smoothly) —• MnE to glide (to fly with no engine); OE owen (wife) MnE queen ОБ mete (food) MnE meat OE deor (animal) MnE deer b)stock:- supply of wood supply of any goods; champion: a participant of contest winner; Yankee: an inhabitant of New England any American; Fiction: make-up literature 5.Make up sentences where the following words would be used metaphorically: lion-лев, храбрец fox-лиса, хитрец star-звезда, ведущая актриса rosewater-розовая вода, любезность аrm-рука, ручка (стула) snail-улитка, медлительный человек branch-ветка дерева, отрасль head-голова, глава (делегации) blind - слепой, нечеткий (о шрифте) 6. On what kind of connection between two things is the metonymic transference based in the following cases: kettle-чайник и содержимое чайника court-суд и здание суда forest-лес и обитатели леса ear-ухо и слух glass-стекло и стакан fox-лиса и мех лисы hand-рука и рабочий Volt-итальянский физик и единица измерения эл.напряжения Winchester-город в Северной Америке и винтовка Herod-имя библейского царя и жестокий человек China-Китай и фарфор Holland-Голландия и полотно Theoretical sources: 1. I.V. Arnold. The English Word. Moscow, 1973, p.p.127-140. 2. R.S. Ginsburg and others. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p. 28-33. 3. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. М., 19Г6, : с. 26-36, Supplementarytheoreticalsources: 1.Т.И. Арбекова.”Лексикология английского языка”. M., 1977, с .74-80. 2.И.В. Арнольд. “Лексикология современного английского языка”. M., 1959, с. 67-72. Seminar 4 MEANING RELATIONS IN PARADIGMATICS. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. Theoretical Part: 1.Semantic fields. Lexico-semantic groups. Hyponymic (hierarchical) structures. 2.Synonymy: a)definition of synonyms, criticism of the traditional approach; b)criteria of synonymity; c)sources of synonymy. 3.Antonymy (contradictories, contraries, incompatibles). 4.Polysemy: a)diachronical approach; b)synchronical approach. 5.Homonymy: a)full and partial homonyms; b)lexical homonyms; c)lexico-grammatical homonyms; d)grammatical homonyms; e)sources of homonyms; 6. The demarcation line between polysemy and homonymy. Practical Part: I. A. Translate the following sentences; make up synonymic groups; 1. a)”I’ve got that queer feeling “ he said, “that I used to have as a child, and I haven’t had for years”. b)Naill watched her eyes. She was not angry, he saw that at once and he was relieved. Nor was she smiling. She looked tired, rather strange. c)I haven’t been well for quite a while, I keep getting an odd sort of pain. d)lt seemed to Mor a little quaint that she should refer to the boys as children. 2. a)Chattering Frenchman with voluble wives, and English tourists, and all the sallow individuals of no known nationality who travel for ever upon Continental trains, biting upon cigars. b)Mr.Kallada was chatty. He talked of New York and of San Francisco. c)He was hearty, jovial, loquacious and argumentative. d)She is a talkative woman and certainly a gossip. 3. a)"It was a horrible evening. I shall never forget it. That awful party at the Greek Part or whatever the hotel was called. b)It is the most terrible' tragedy. c)"How are you feeling, my darling?" he said. “Awful” Marla told him. d)”I feel terrible,” she said. "It started in my tummy, and now it’s gone to my throat." f )"And honesty counts for something, doesn't it?" "One doesn't know," said Naill."That's the frightful thing.” g)"Pappy had a fearful theory that when we die we go to a theatre and see our lives re-acted..." h)... all was well, Doctor, until three days ago. Then I began to have pains... Something shocking, Doctor. Give synonyms to the underlined words: 1.He's been very sweet to his father. 2.It was astonishing, how amusing life could be if you exercised a little ingenuity. 3.I asked him how he was getting on with the piano. He seemed to be satisfied with hie progress play to me. 4.He was calm and even gay. 5.He was an accomplished goldsmith and could have been if he had wished. Explain the semantic difference between the following pairs of false synonyms: ache - pain; give up-refuse; hear-listen; mix-mix up; remember-remind; speak-talk-say-tell; be used to smth.-get used to smth; work-job; note-notice. II.Give synonyms to the underlined words: The nylon was dry but the cotton dress was still damp and unpleasant. Behind the beautiful tragedian she could see in the glass a thin miserable old creature. There was a bodyguard here. Tall, fair-haired, handsome young man. They wore some kind of uniform. Here all was the same as before: chilly, noisy, ugly, without space, without leisure, without peace. She is old and dowdy and dull. III. Translate the following sentences, consider the underlined words. Comment on the different meanings they possess. 1. By the other (fire) stood a young woman in a red sweater and black skirt and one hand on the mantelpiece. 2. When we saw a farmhouse that looked promising we stopped and asked if they wanted a couple of hands. 3. Everything’s got into the hands of thouse old men… 4. Can I give a hand with anything, Father? 5. Was it difference or was he just not ready to show his hand? 1.He was trying to sound warm… 2.…showing you what a warm cosy place an antiseptic gadjet-filled home is. 3.Remarkably warm for the time of year, isn’t it? c) 1.No, you can’t be expected see the connection. 2.I asked: “Do you see any of old friends?” 3.So when Craw-ford saw Brown setting himself to help the supreme college manager, he took him with open arms. IV. A. Give homonyms to the underlined words: 1. Suddenly they caught sight of the Baron on the opposite bank. 2. Using capital transferred to him by his mother, Thomas had bought himself into… an advertising agency. 3.In each case she managed to find something wrong – fair eyelashes instead of dark, eyes more grey than blue, fair hair that owed its fairness to art and not to nature, interesting variations in noses, and figures that only an all-embracing charity could have described as slim. B. Translate the following sentences. Point out homonyms and define the type of homonymy they present: a) I thought there might be a scene. b) It seemed fantastic, but at last Charles had to admit that he had not seen his father in a state аs dark as this before. a) The warmth of the flat was comforting. b). The young reactionaries, like G.S. Clark and Lester Ince, were flat against. 3. a) - and also they added, at the last minute, a white rug by the bed, for the girl’s bare feet. b) She… complained to Thomas that Eddie tried her more than she could bear. 4. a)The breath of raw air that had come in with Portia perished on the steady warmth of the hall. b) … the roar of the sea on the shingle and the ruthless manners of the two Heccomb children almost always drove the guests away after a short time. V. Find all the meanings of the noun “case” in an Anglo-Enlish dictionary and say how they are related. Theoretical sources: 1. R.S. Ginzburg and others. “A Course in Modern English Lexicology”, Moscow, 1979, p.p. 39-42, 51-57. 2. I.V. Arnold. “The English Word”, Moscow, 1973. p.p,164-187. 3. А.И. Смирницкий. “Лексикология английского языка”. М., 1956, с. 156-173 Supplementary theoretical sources: 1. Т.Н. Арбекова. “Лексикология английского языка”. М., 1977, c. 120-141 2. М.А. Kashcheyeva, I.A., Potapova, N.S. Tyurina. “Practical Lexicology”, Leningrad,. 1974, p.p.5-91. Seminar 5 WORD-STRUCTURE Theoretical Part 1. Definition of the morpheme. The notion of an allomorph. 2. Principles of Morphemic Analysis. Types of Word Segmentability (segmentable and non-segmentable), 3. Types of morphemic segmentability of words (complete, conditional, defective). 4.Classification of morphemes: a)from the semantic point of view (root-morpheme, inflections, stem, affixes); b)from the structural point of view (free, bound, semibound); c). morphemes of Greek and Latin origin, morphemes changing their class-membership; 5.Procedure of Morphemic Analysis; 6. Morphemic Types of Words. 7. Historical Changeability of Word-Structure. Practical Part A. Read the following sentences, analyse the underlined words into their ultimate constituents. 1. The question nagged at me, meaninglessly important, fretting with anxiety. 2. For days before the dance she and Charles re-examined each due with their native subtlety, repetitiveness, realism, and psychological quests» 3* The airship seemed to fill the whole field, tethered a few feet from the ground by innumerable cables over which they stumbled painfully on the way to the steps. В. Pick out derivatives from the following sentences and divide them into morphemes. Comment on the meaning of each morpheme and the meaning of the word as a whole. 1. He jabbed unenthusiastically at his meat. 2. When he came back from abroad there would be a time for rearrangements and readjustments because of climate and other matters. 3. I recalled his high spirits, his vitality, his confidence in the future, and his disinterestedness. 4. What a disgraceful thing to do! 5. To bring the college into the public light, to get it into the papers, was to Brown inadmissible and inexaustable. Theoretical Sources 1. R.S. Ginsburg and others, A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p,89-95. 2. I.V. Arnold. The English Word. Moscow, 1973, p.p. 30-40 3. А.И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. M.,I956, с. 48-64. Supplementary theoretical sources 1.E.C.Кубрякова. Основы морфологического анализа. М, 1974 2.И.П. Иванова. О морфологической характеристике слова в современном английском языке. - В кн.: Проблемы морфологического строя германских языков. М., 1963. 3. Е.С.Кубрякова. О типах морфологической членимости слов, квази-морфах и маркерах. - Вопросы языкознания, 1970, № 2. 4. Структура английского имени существительного. М., 1975. 5. Nida E. Morphology, A Descriptive Analysis of Words. Ann. Arbor, 1946. Seminar 6 WORD-FORMATION Theoretical Part 1.Affixation. Degrees of derivation. a)prefixation; classification of prefixes; b)suffixation; classification of suffixes. 2.Conversion. The problem of "stone wall". The relationship between the lexical meaning of the root-morpheme and the part-of-speech meaning of the stem within a conversion pair. Creation of conversion pairs in Mn.E. Diachronic survey of conversion pairs. 3.Compounding (Word-composition); a)characterization of compounds from structural, phonetic, graphic, semantic and functional point of view; b)classification of compounds. 4.Specific ways of vocabulary replenishment (shortening, blending, acronyms, sound interchange, distinctive stress, sound imitation, back-formation.). Practical Part Derive adjectives adding one of the affixes given below, translate them into Russian: doubt, courage, mountain, book, adventure, delight; talk, imagine, create, represent, declare; frequent, human, sufficient, resolute, logical, comparable, movable, aware, decent, conscious, regular, adequate, mor— tal, due, employed, desirable., attentive, (un-, in-, ir-, il-, im-, -ful, -ish, -ative, -ous, -eous.) B. Translate, the sentences below, point out converted words, 1. That's Gloucester’ Road. Plenty of time to get there if we tube. 2. You had to have a strong head and a fine constitution to drink, drink for drink. 3. At last he came into the open. 4. Martin started to question him about the missing photograph. 5. I Shan’t go into whys and howe because of my memory. 6. Things were, quite different on the outside. 7. Endersleigh Street itself is a small street, sandwiched between two larger streets in the neighborhood of Oxford Circus. 8. His complexion is too dark for yellows. 9. And - well, that’s the long and short of it. C. Translate the following sentences. Analyse the underlined words, define their structure. 1."Aren't we baby-sitting?" Susan asked. 2. We’re neither of us great letter-writers. 3. It stood in a smoke-blackened street of terraced houses. 4. Yes, he’s blackmailing us. 5. The Baron has broadcast enough already. 6. I find it a bit hair-raising, I’m afraid. 7. Too much: is at stake, for anyone to adopt a wait- and-see attitude. 8, I’ve been made a laughing-stock. 9. The household consisted of old Becker, his wife, his widowed daughter—in—law, and her children. Becker was a heavy grey-haired man in his late forties. 10. I suppose they’re good old stick-in- the-muds? Theoretical sources 1.R.S. Ginsburg and others, a Course in Modern Bngllsh Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p.114-119, 127-136, 140-146. 2. I.V. Arnold. The English Word, Moscow, 1973, р.р.46-52, 60-72, 82-108. 3.А.И. Смирницкий. Лекоикология английского языка. М., 1956, с. II4-137, 65-95 Supplementary theoretical sources 1.H.H. Амосова. Этимологические основы словарного состава, современного английокого языка. М., 1956, с. 83-87, 2.П.В. Царов. Сложные слова в английоком языке. МГУ, 1980. 3.П.М. Каращук. Словообразование английского языка.М.,1977. 4.Е.С. Кубяркова. Что такое словообразование. М., 1965, 5.О.Д. Мешков. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976 Seminar 7 PHRASEOLOGY. Theoretical Part 1.Linguistic units discussed in phraseology. 2.Criteria of Stability. Lack of Motivation (Idiomaticity). Types of phraseological units according to the degree of idiomaticity. Interlingual and lntralingual approaches to Idiomaticity. Criticism of the criteris of idiomaticity and stability. 3.Functional approach in Phraseology. Classification of phraseological units within, the approach. The main disputable points of the functional approach. 4.Contextual approach in Phraseology. The notion of non-variable and fixed context. Criteria of phraseological units within the approach. Types of phraseological units distinguished (phrasemes and idioms). The main criticism of the contextual approach. 5.Phraseology as a subsystem of Language (A.V. Kunin’s conception). 6. Some problems of the Diachronic Approach. Practical Part A. Translate the following sentences, pick out phraseological units: 1. I am a person who likes to cross a "t" and don’t an “i”. 2. He wanted to let bygones be bygones. 3. A fine solicitor he is, not the man to let the grass grow under his feet. 4. And she’s bound to kick the bucket any day now. 5. It was a miracle how he kept body and soul together. 6. "Got anything to read?" I said, "What -is that?" "Oh, I don’t think that’s your cup of tea." he said. 7.You’re as round as a bell, really... 8. You ought to shut up, Larry. You’re as crazy as a loon. 9. My common sense tells me that I’m making a mountain out of a molehill. 10. Then I can publish a paper or two by hook or by crook. B. Fill up the blanks with the words from the list below, translate the sentences: 1. He is а slippery аs an—. 2. Не can run like a — 3. What do you want with all that stuff and—?' 4. He liked to know the ins and — of anything once it had captured his interests. 5. He drinks like a— C. Say what proverbs the following, idioms have originated from. 1.Birds of a feather; 2. A stitch in time; 3.Spilt milk; 4.Make hay; 5. A bird in the hand. 6. A black sheep. 7. A silver lining Theoretical sources 1. R.S. Ginzburg and others. А Ооигве in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p.73-88. 2. I.V. Arnold. The English Word, Moscow, 1973» p.p.140-163. 3. А.И. Сиирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956,с. 203-230. Supplementary theoretical sources: 1. Н.Н. Амосова. Основы английской фразеологии. Л., 1963. 2.А.В. Кунин. Английская фразеология. М. 1970. 3.C.И. Ожегов. Лексикология. Лексикография. Культура речи.,М., 1974, с. 182-219. Seminar 8 ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE ENGLISH WORD-STOCK Theoretical Part. 1.Words of Native Origin. Etymological doublets. 2.Borrowings. Causes and Ways of Borrowing. Translation—loans. International words. 3.Criteria of Borrowings. 4.Assimilation of Borrowings. Phonetic assimilation. Grammatical assimilation. Lexical assimilation. Barbarisms 5.Influence of borrowings on the semantic structure of words. Influence of borrowings on the lexical territorial divergence. Influence of borrowings on the word-structure, word-clusters and the system of word-building. Practical Part A. Translate the following sentences. Pick out the words that betray their foreign origin. 1.Demoyte was a connoisseur of books. 2. It was she who gave Sir Stafford Nye's address to the chauffeur. 3.All I’m interested in is cooking up a thesia. 4.Won't you keep it as a momento of our- friendship? 5.I liked the way the light shone on the roofs and the rivers and the rococo building of the university. 6.He played Chopin. He played two waltzes that were familiar to me, a polonaise and an etude. B. Comment on the degree of the assimilation of the underlined words. I said that we proposed to spend the evening after hall working out a modus operandi. 2. That's one good thing about Mike the philosopher; he's consistent and he doesn't develop his theories so quickly that you lose track of them. 3. Not on the telephone ... It's raining. Why don't you come in? It's absurd to walk to the station in this. Have you come about the vacuum cleaner? 4. But this discovery is unique in English archeology. 5. The orchestra of a piano, accordion, violin, trumpet and saxophone manned by hard-working sweaty musicians. G. Translate: the given sentences. Point out what traces of their foreign origin they still preserve. 1. I doubt if any English historian or archeologist could turn technique into art in that way. 2. I shall be interested to read your book when it appears - an autobiography, I understand. 3. He had a nasty attack of bronchitis this winter. 4. Now there’s no point being chronological. 5. There are photographs of yachts in full sail and of elderly men in yachting caps... Theoretical sources; 1.R.S. Ginzburg and others. A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, p.p. 162-170. 2.I.V. Arnold. The English Word. Moscow, 1979, p.p. 248-257. Supplementary theoretical sources; 1.H.H. Амосова. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956, 2.Serjeantson M.S. A History of Foreign Words in English. London, 1935. Seminar 9 STULISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY Theoretical Part 1.The notion of stylistic opposition. 2.The main peculiarities of formal style. Learned words. The phenomenon of lexical suppletion. Poetic Diction. 3.The main features of informal style. Literary colloquial speech, familiar colloquial speech, low colloquial speech, folk speech. 4.Slang and argot. General slang and special slang, 5.Professional words. Practical Part A. Pick out the colloquialisms from the extracts below: 1. "Here’s your room," she said, brightly... "But chilly this weather, but it’s comfy enough in summer." 2. Everyone seemed to got a kick out of their relations with Eddie. 3. But anyway, we were all kids, then, and wanted to go out to the woods for a change, to get away from the roads of stinking hot tar one summer. 4. I ain’t had a bite since yesterday. Can’t you hear my guts rolling? 5. I suppose you were tight. B.Translate the following text. Point out linguistic terms and bookish words. The word plays such a crucial, part in the structure of language that we need a special branch of linguistics to examine it in all its aspects. This branch is called lexicology and it forms, next to phonology, the second, basic division of linguistic science. Lexicology will deal not only with words, but with all types of morphemes entering into the composition of words. Some of them have already been mentioned: non-independent stems, derivational preffixes and suffixes, etc. Other processes of word-formation will also fall within the province of lexicology. Theoretical sources: 1.I.V. Arnold, The English Word. Moscow, 1979, p.p- 220-232. 2.Т.И. Арбекова. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1977, с. 89-94 Supplementary theoretical sources: l. I.К. Galperin. Stylistics, Moscow, 1977, p.p.72-123 2. Г.А. Судзиловский. Сленг - что \то такое? И., 1973 3.В.А. Хомяков. Введение в изучение сленга - основного компонента английского просторечия. Вологда, 1971 EXAMINATIOS REQUIREMENTS The object of Lexicology. The theoretical and practical value of Lexicology. The place of Lexicology among Linguistic Disciplines. General problems of the theory of word. 5. The notion of lexical system. The Identity-of-the-Word Problem. The Size-of-Unit Problem. The problem of the definition of the word. 9. Referential Approach in Semasiology. Functional Approach in Semasiology. The lexical and the grammatical meanings in a Word. Types of lexical meaning. Semantic Change. Motivation. Types of motivation. Metaphor. Metonymy, Semantic fields. Lexico-semantic groups. 19. Hyponymic structures. 20. Synonymy. 21. Antonymy. Homonymy. Polysemy. The demarcation Line between polysemy and homonymy. The Morphological Structure of a word. Types of Word Segmentability, Morphemic Types of Words. 28. Prefixation. Suffixation. Conversion. Word-Composition. Specific Means of Word-Formation. Idiomaticity 34. Functional approach in Phraseology. Contextual approach: in Phraseology. Classification of phraseological units. Lexicography. Borrowings. Assimilation of Borroings. Regional Variants of English. Stylistic characteristics of English. LEXICOLOGICAL TERMS 1. synchronic - синхронный 2.diachronic – диахронный 3.syntagmatic – сингатматический 4.paradigmatic – парадигматичекий 5.basic triangle – семантический треугольник 6. componental analysis – компонентный анализ 7.denotational – денотативный 8.connotatiomal – коннотативный 9.the size-of-unit problem – проблема отдельности слова 10.the identity-of-unit problem – проблема тождества слова 11.hyponymy – гипонимия 12.hierarchichal – иерархический 13.contradictories – противоречия 14.contraries – противоположности 15.incompatibles – несовместимости 16.segmentable – членимый 17.root-morpheme – корневая морфема 18.stem – основа 19.inflection – окончание 20.part-of-speech-meaning – значение части речи 21.compound – сложное слово 22.shortening – сокращение 23.blending – скрещение 24.idiomaticity – идиоматичность 25.interlingual – межъязыковой 26.intralingual – внутриязыковой 27.fixed context – постоянный контекст 28.etimological doublets – этимологические дублеты 29.borrowings – заимствования 30.translation-loan – калька 31.lexical suppletion – лексическая супплетивность 32.slang – слэнг 33.argot - арго |