The Passive Voice (страдательный залог)
 Скачать 218.5 Kb.
|
The Passive Voice (страдательный залог)The Passive Voice показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначенные подлежащим, являются объектами действия, выраженного сказуемым:
ОбразованиеThe Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола Participle II:
Таблица времен английского глагола в страдательном залоге:
Например:
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются по тем же правилам, что и формы действительного залога: в отрицательной форме частица подставится после вспомогательного глагола:
При сложной форме вспомогательного глагола частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:
в вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол (в сложной форме первый по счету) обычно ставится перед подлежащим:
Сказуемому в действительном залоге, выраженному сочетанием одного из модальных глаголов can (could), may (might), should, ought и т.д. с инфинитивом действительного залога, в страдательном залоге соответствует сочетание того же модального глагола с инфинитивом страдательного залога:
Если в страдательной конструкции указывается исполнитель действия, выраженный одушевленным существительным или местоимением, ему предшествует предлог by:
Если в конструкции указывается объект или материал, при помощи которого совершено действие, употребляется предлог with:
В английском языке есть глаголы, употребление которых в пассиве чаще всего невозможно без by-phrase, т.е. фразы, указывающей на деятеля производимого действия: to follow, to overtake, to seize, to visit, to govern, to characterize, to attract, to control, to rule, to influence, to confront, to attend, to accompany, to join, to cause, to bring about, to mark и т.д.:
УпотреблениеКак в русском, так и в английском языке страдательный залог употребляется: когда неизвестно действующее лицо или по каким-либо причинам нежелательно упоминать его:
когда предмет действия представляет больший интерес, чем действующее лицо:
Способность глаголов употребляться в форме страдательного залога в английском языке тесно связана с характеристикой их переходности/непереходности. Все глаголы по характеру действия, которое они выражают, делятся на две категории: переходные, которые выражают действие, переходящее на другой предмет. Эти глаголы требуют прямого дополнения:
непереходные, которые выражают действие, не переходящее на другой предмет. Эти глаголы не могут принимать прямого дополнения:
В английском языке все переходные глаголы могут иметь форму действительного или страдательного залога. Непереходные глаголы не могут использоваться в страдательном залоге. Поскольку при них нет прямых дополнений, то нечему быть подлежащим при глаголе в страдательном залоге, например, глаголы to die, to arrive. He употребляются в пассиве глаголы-связки to be, to become. Некоторые переходные глаголы также не могут использоваться в страдательном залоге, по крайней мере в некоторых значениях, например, глаголы to fit, to have, to lack, to resemble, to suit. Они выражают состояние, а не действие и не имеют продолженных форм:
Этот список дополняют глаголы to appear, to belong, to consist, to come, to go, to last, to seem. Кроме переходных и непереходных глаголов, в английском языке существует ряд глаголов, которые в словаре имеют помету tr./intr., т.е. переходно-непереходные. При употреблении этих глаголов возникают предложения типа:
Эти предложения имеют форму действительного залога, но выражают значение страдательного залога. Сравните:
Другие предложения подобного типа:
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы предложений такого типа образуются обычным путем при помощи вспомогательных или модальных глаголов в зависимости от времени, в котором употреблен глагол:
Глагол will/would в предложениях данной структуры является не вспомогательным глаголом будущего времени, а модальным глаголом:
Переходно-непереходные глаголы могут иметь конструкции в действительном и страдательном залогах:
Употребление видо-временных форм в страдательном залогеВидо-временные формы страдательного залога употребляются согласно тем же правилам, что и соответствующие им формы действительного залога. В страдательном залоге не употребляются времена группы Perfect Continuous (Progressive) и не употребляется время The Future Continuous (Progressive) Tense. Вместо формы Future Continuous (Progressive), которая отсутствует в страдательном залоге, употребляется Future Indefinite (Simple):
Вместо Present и Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive), которые также отсутствуют в страдательном залоге, употребляются соответственно Present и Past Perfect:
В этих случаях вместо страдательных оборотов с глаголом в Future Indefinite (Simple), Present Perfect и Past Perfect гораздо чаще употребляются действительные обороты с глаголом в Future Continuous (Progressive), Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) и Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive). Так, вместо The plan will be discussed at that time говорят: They (безличное) will be discussing the plan at that time. Аналогично вместо The plan has been discussed for two hours говорят: They have been discussing the plan for two hours. Соответственно и They had been discussing the plan for two hours when he came. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
.| Indefinite (Simple) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Continuous (Progressive) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Perfect | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Perfect Continuous (Progressive) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
Passive voice (Страдательный залог)
| Indefinite (Simple) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Continuous (Progressive) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Perfect | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||
Употребление глаголов в Passive Voice аналогично употреблению глаголов в Active Voice.
Времена группы Perfect Continuous в страдательном залоге не употребляются.
Упражнения
1. Перепишите предложения из активного залога в пассивный
Nobody has used this room for ages.
We will give you the keys tomorrow.
Someone is interviewing Dr Johnson at the moment.
By the time I arrived, someone had already opened all your letters.
We usually talk briefly about the problems of the family at dinner time.
2. Выберите правильный вариант
1. This theatre … (build) over 100 years ago.
a. had been built
b. has been built
c. was built
2. Is your car still for sale? — No. It … already (sell).
a. has been sold
b. had been sold
c. was sold
3. Sometimes mistakes … (make).
a. are made
b. are being made.
c. have been made
4. For the past few days I (work) in Jack’s office, as my own … (decorate).
a. have been working/ is being decorated
b. worked/ decorated
c. am worked/ is being decorated.
5. While my friend … (talk) to me, his wallet .. (steal).
a. was being talked/ was being stolen
b. was talking/ was stolen
c. talked/stole
6. Where is your friend Bob? — — I don’t know. He … (not/ seen) resently.
a. hasn’t seen
b. didn’t see
c. hasn’t been seen
7. If someone … (report) you to the police, you … (make) to pay a big fine.
a. reports/ will be made
b. will report/ will make
c. is reported/ will be made
8. Professor … ( give) another lecture at the same time next week.
a. will have been given
b. will be given
c. will give
9. Look at the dust in here! It … (look) as if this room (not/clean) … for a month.
a. is looked/ hasn’t cleaned
b. looks/ hasn’t been cleaned
c. has looked/ isn’t cleaned
10. The door … (open) and a young lady … (come in). It should be admitted that the door … (open) by herself.
a. opened/ came in/ was opened
b. was opened/ came in/ was opened
c. opened/ came in/ opened
3. Заполните пропуски предлогами with, by.
The hall was decorated … pink balloons.
The roof of the church will be repaired … local people.
This material has been already published … Cambridge University Press.
The house was built … money that he had borrowed from the bank.
When the the accident happened, the car was brought … police.
4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы вPresent,PastилиFutureSimplePassive.
1. Bread (to eat) every day. 2. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 3. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 4. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 5. I (to give) a very interesting book at the library last Friday. 6. Not many houses (to build) in our town every year. 7. This work (to do) tomorrow. 8. This text (to translate) at the last lesson. 9. These trees (to plant) last autumn. 10. A lot of interesting games always (to play) at our PT lessons. 11. This bone (to give) to my dog tomorrow. 12. We (to invite) to a concert last Saturday. 13. Lost time never (to find) again. 14. Rome (not to build) in a day. 15. My question (to answer) two days ago. 16. Hockey (to play) in winter. 17. Mushrooms (to gather) in autumn. 18. Thousands of houses (to destroy) during the Great Fire of London. 19. His new book (to finish) next year. 20. Flowers (to sell) in shops and in the streets. 21. St Petersburg (to found) in1703.
5. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся форму глагола.
1. At the station they will (meet, be met) by a man from the travel bureau. 2. She will (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs. 3. The porter will (bring, be brought) your luggage to your room. 4. Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift. 5. You may (leave, be left) your hat and coat in the cloakroom downstairs. 6. They can (leave, be left) the key with the clerk downstairs. 7. From the station they will (take, be taken) straight to the hotel. 8. Tomorrow he will (take, be taken) them to the Russian Museum.
6. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice,обращая внимание на место предлога.
E.g.We speak very highlyofher. — She is very highly spokenof.
1. The senior students laughed at the freshman. 2. The group spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 3. These young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 4. Nobody lived in that old house. 5. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject. 6. We thought about our friend all the time. 7. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 8. The teacher sent for the pupil’s parents. 9. They looked for the newspaper everywhere. 10. Nobody slept in the bed. 11. The neighbour asked for the telegram. 12. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 13. They often talk about the weather.
7. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
E.g.Mother waters the houseplants in the evening. — The houseplants are watered in the evening (by Mother).
1. Irene’s husband brought her some beautiful shells from the south. 2. The explorers gave the newspaper reporters a long interview. 3. Mr Wilson will teach you English. 4. The doctor ordered me a month’s rest from studying. 5. Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday. 6. Our mother tells us stories every evening. 7. Lydia will show you a new book of pictures. 8. A boy showed her the way. 9. They will send us a box of fruit. 10. Five or six small children followed them. 11. In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields. 12. Ivan Susanin led the Poles into the thickest part of the forest. 13. The waves carried the little boat out to sea. 14. We shall do the translation in the evening. 15. They water the houseplants regularly. 16. You promised me these books long ago. 17. Bessie’s father gave her a complete set of Walter Scott’s works. 18. The two hikers dropped their heavy backpacks. 19. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 20. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 21. Her daughters gave her three beautiful dishes as a birthday present.
8. Поставьте выделенные глаголы вPassiveVoice,внеся необходимые изменения в предложения.
1. She took a long time to write the composition, but at last she wrote it. 2. Don’t put the cup there: somebody will break it. 3. Why weren’t you at the birthday party? — They didn’t invite me. 4. We had some difficulties, but all the same we finished the work on time.5. We shall leave you behind if you are not quick. 6. I spent all my money on books last month. 7. I don’t think we shall do all this work today: there is too much of it. 8. It’s a very funny thing that when I start doing this, somebody always stops me. 9. Don’t leave these sweets on the table: somebody will eat them. 10. She really broke her mother’s heart when she left home. 11. The bees attacked the bear when it tried to take their honey.
9. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. You must take the box to the station. 2. You can cross the river on a raft. 3. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 4. You must pay your debts the day after tomorrow. 5. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 6. You can find the book you need in any library. 7. We must send these letters at once. 8. I can easily forgive this mistake. 9. You can find such berries everywhere. 10. You must do this work very carefully. 11. The doctor says they must take her to hospital. 12. You can do the work in three days. 13. The students must return all the library books before each summer vacation. 14. Monkeys can climb even the tallest trees. 15. You mustn’t spend all your money at once. 16. We can’t take his advice.
10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы вPassiveVoice.
1.The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (to understand) by all of us. 2. The poem was so beautiful that it (to learn) by everybody. 3.I hope the invitation (to accept) by everybody. 4. The letter (to post) in half an hour. 5. It seems to me that music (to hear) from the next room. 6. At the last competition the first prize (to win) by our team. 7. The question (to settle) as soon as they arrived. 8. Your report must (to divide) into two chapters. 9. Soon he (to send) to a conference. 10. The book (to discuss) at the next conference. 11. The essay must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 12. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 13. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 14. The lecture (to attend) by all of us yesterday. 15. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago, so we are expecting it any moment. 16. The young man (to introduce) to me only a couple of hours ago, but it seems to me that I’ve known him for years. 17. The mobile phone must (not to use) at the lesson.
11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы вActiveVoiceилиPassiveVoice.
1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The money (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation tomorrow. 6. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 7. Budapest (to divide) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest. 8. Yuri Dolgoruky (to found) Moscow in 1147. 9. Moscow University (to found) by Lomonosov. 10. We (to call) Zhukovsky the father of Russian aviation. 11. He (to speak) very highly of the doctor.
12. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. I bought potatoes yesterday. 2. We shall bring the books tomorrow. 3. They are repairing the clock now. 4. They sell milk in this shop. 5. I have translated the whole text. 6. He stole a lot of money from the shop. 7. By six o’clock they had finished the work. 8. At twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks. 9. By three o’clock the workers had loaded the trucks. 10. He is teaching computer science to our children now. 11. They will show this film on TV. 12. They are building a new concert hall in our street. 13. They broke the window last week. 14. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 15. We shall do the work in the evening. 16. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 17. They were playing tennis from four till five. 18. They have carried out a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 19. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century. 20. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees. 21. They will stage this play at the beginning of next season. 22. They have forgotten the story. 23. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 24. They haven’t brought back my skates. 25. Teachers usually make corrections in red ink.
13. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. She showed him the way to the metro station. 2. He will introduce me to his friends. 3. They are building a bridge over the river. 4. I haven’t yet translated the article. 5. We were looking at the man with great surprise. 6. You will talk about the films at the lesson. 7. The headmistress sent for the pupil’s parents. 8. Has the secretary typed the letters yet? — No, she is typing them now. 9. We asked him about his holidays. 10. They have already discussed the novel. 11. He did not give me his address. 12. I have just paid all my bills.
14. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. They teach three foreign languages at this school. 2. We received this letter after his departure. 3. Have dogs ever attacked you? 4. Bees gather honey from flowers. 5. The storm drove the ship against a rock. 6. Who discovered the circulation of blood? 7. They are selling delicious fruit ice cream there now. 8. The old man showed us the way out of the wood. 9. They offered her some interesting work. 10. The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 11. They don’t think much of him. 12. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 13. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 14. We shall insist on strict discipline. 15. He has just written this computer program.
15. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. The children have scattered about a lot of things. 2. Our father has put all the books in the bookcase. 3. Snow will cover the fields in winter. 4. They will hand in the homework tomorrow. 5. I don’t think we shall finish all the preparations today. 6. She always invites me to her dinner parties. 7. She showed me the dress which her daughter had made. 8. They did not invite her to the party. 9. I did not leave the window open. 10. They did not turn off the light. 11. I have invited some friends to tea. 12. She has given me an English book. 13. Have you written the letter yet? 14. They have told us a lot of interesting things. 15. The students have written the paper without mistakes. 16. We discussed the matter some days ago. 17. Someone wants you on the phone. 18. She found my book on the windowsill. 19. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 20. Have you given out the exercises to all the students? 21. The boy was angry because his mother did not allow him to go to the stadium. 22. Why have you put my books on this table? 23. He has paid his taxes. 24. She is still using this old computer.
16. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. One of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 2. We shall finish this work on time. 3. They built this house in 2001. 4. They were selling new children’s books in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 5. A large group of young people joined us on our way to the station. 6. A young teacher started a school in this village. 7. They are translating this article now. 8. Galsworthy wrote “The Forsyte Saga.”9. Thousands of people attended this meeting. 10. He has just interrupted me. 11. The teacher has explained it to us. 12. We turn on the light when it is dark. 13. The students finished their translation some time ago. 14. Helen washed the dishes. 15. Betty often took her younger brother for a walk. 16. Mother has made some coffee. 17. Have you ironed your dress yet? 18. Nina mispronounced this word. 19. They have told her the truth. 20. She promised us an interesting entertainment. 21. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 22. I shall finish my work about seven o’clock. 23. Somebody has opened the door.24. The waitress brought in the coffee. 25. He has lost his credit card.
17. Передайте следующие предложения вPassiveVoice.
1. They looked for the girl everywhere. 2. They did not listen to the boy. 3. She looks after the patients well. 4. They asked for our address. 5. My father looked through these papers this morning. 6. He will give my brother English lessons. 7. A friend of his has shown me an interesting magazine. 8. His friend told him everything. 9. The students greeted the famous lecturer warmly. 10. They have recently built a huge plant in the town of N. 11. We must finish the work by tomorrow. 12. When I fell ill, my mother sent for the doctor. 13. They showed Helen the nearest way to the theatre. 14. He gave his patient some good advice. 15. Mary has told me the news. 16. The people looked at the little boy with interest.17. They examined the paper attentively. 18. Mother is teaching her daughter to cook now.
18. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы вPassiveVoice.
1. I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 2. They told me that the new student highly (to speak) of. 3. The hostess said that one more guest (to expect). 4. The newspaper said that an interesting exhibition (to open) at the Hermitage the next week. 5. This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now. 6. All the texts (to look) through yesterday find not a single mistake (to find). 7. Two reports on Hemingway’s stories (to make) in our group last month. Both of them were very informative. 8. He said that Grandmother’s letter (to receive) the day before. 9. Two new engineers just (to introduce) to the head of the department.10. Don’t worry, everything will be all right: the children (to take) to the theatre by the teacher and they (to bring) back to school in the evening.
Ответы:
Упр. 1
This room hasn’t been used for ages.
The keys will be given you tomorrow.
Dr Johnson is being interviewed at the moment.
By the time I arrived, all your letters had been already opened.
The problems of the family are usually talked briefly at dinner time.
Упр. 2
c
a
a
a
b
c
a
c
b
a
Упр. 3
with
by
by
with
by