ENGLISH методичка с разгов.темами. Theme 5 The Human Body
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Theme 5 The Human Body All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well. Human body is a very complex system consisting of three chief parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities. The frame of the body is the skeleton which is composed of more than 200 bones of various sizes and shapes. They give firm but flexible support to soft tissues, muscles and organs. The skull is composed of 26 cranial and facial bones. The cranial part contains the brain. The facial bones form the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external, the middle and the internal ear. The mouth has the upper and the lower lips. There are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palatein the mouth. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column (the spine) and the chest (the ribs and the breastbone).The trunk is divided into two cavities. The upper cavity (the chest) contains the heart, the lungs and the gullet (esophagus).The principal organs of the lower (abdominal) cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines. The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34vertebrae.They are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder and is divided into the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each hand has 4 fingers and 1 thumb. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework. The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body). There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the excretory and the reproductive. The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism. The regulation between various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities. Intensification of the activity of one organ or system of organs is accompanied by the changes in the other system. Тема 5 Человеческое Тело Все студенты-медики должны прекрасно знать строение человеческого тела. Человеческое тело представляет собой очень сложную систему, состоящую из трех основных частей: головы, туловища и конечностей или конечностей. Каркасом тела является скелет, который состоит из более чем 200 костей различных размеров и форм. Они обеспечивают прочную, но гибкую поддержку мягким тканям, мышцам и органам. Череп состоит из 26 черепных и лицевых костей. Черепная часть содержит мозг. Лицевые кости образуют лицо, которое состоит из лба, глаз, носа, рта, щек, ушей и подбородка. Ухо состоит из 3 основных частей: наружного, среднего и внутреннего уха. Рот имеет верхнюю и нижнюю губы. Во рту есть 2 челюсти с зубами, языком и небом. Голова соединена с туловищем шеей. Скелет туловища состоит из позвоночного столба (позвоночника) и грудной клетки (ребер и грудины).Ствол разделен на две полости. Верхняя полость (грудная клетка) содержит сердце, легкие и пищевод (пищевод).Основными органами нижней (брюшной) полости являются желудок, печень, селезенка, желчный пузырь, почки, мочевой пузырь и кишечник. Позвоночник взрослого человека состоит из 32 или 34 позвонков.Они делятся на шейные, грудные, поясничные, крестцовые позвонки и копчик. Грудная клетка (грудная клетка) состоит из 12 грудных позвонков, грудины и 12 пар ребер. Верхняя конечность соединена с грудью плечом и разделена на предплечье, предплечье и кисть. На каждой руке по 4 пальца и 1 большой палец. Частями нижней конечности являются: бедро (бедро), нога и стопа. Кости скелета соединены между собой суставами или хрящами и связками. Скелет покрыт более чем 400 мышцами. Каждый из них имеет артериальное, венозное, лимфатическое и нервное снабжение, а также соединительнотканный каркас. Кожа - это верхний слой скелета (тела). Существует несколько основных систем организма: скелетная, мышечная, нервная, пищеварительная, дыхательная, мочевыделительная, эндокринная, выделительная и репродуктивная. Жизнедеятельность клеток, тканей, органов и всего организма основана на обмене веществ. Регулирование между различными системами органов может быть продемонстрировано согласованными изменениями в их деятельности. Усиление деятельности одного органа или системы органов сопровождается изменениями в другой системе. Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.
Task 2.Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian. the structure of the human body chief parts of the body the skeleton is composed of firm but flexible support the spinal column and the chest the principal organs 32 or 34 vertebrae is connected with the chest by the parts of the lower extremity are are connected by the cartilages and ligaments each muscle has… supply main systems of the body are based on metabolism the coordinated changes is accompanied by Task 3.Answer the questions. What are the chief parts of the human body? What is the skeleton composed of? What parts of the skull do you know? What bones form the trunk? What organs does the upper cavity contain? What are the principal organs of the lower cavity? How many vertebrae are there in the spine? How is the upper extremity connected with the chest? What are the pats of the upper and the lower extremities? What is the function of the cartilages and ligaments? What is the skeleton covered with? What are the main systems of the human body? How can the regulation between the systems be demonstrated? Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.
Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close you books and translate them back into English. All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well. The bones of various sizes and shapes give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues, muscles and organs. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external ear, the middle ear, the internal ear. In the mouth there are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palate. The trunk is divided into two cavities. The principal organs of the lower (abdominal)cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines. The vertebrae are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx. The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body). The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism. |