анг. лекция. To be в Present Simple (в Настоящем простом времени)

• Название: To be в Present Simple (в Настоящем простом времени)
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Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed( 2 syllables) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables)

boring	more boring	most boring
famous	more famous	most famous
modern	more modern	most modern
polite	more polite	mostpolite
tired	more tired	mosttired
expensive	more expensive	most expensive
comfortable	more comfortable	most comfortable

 Irregular adjectives

good	better	best
bad	worseworst
far	furtherfurthest
much/many	more	most
little	lessleast

 

As … as, not as/so … as

 

He is as rich as his brother. I’m as clever as my uncle.

Mary is not as/so nice as her sister.

Is the weather not so hot as this in New York?

 

The … the …

 

the...the – чем...тем

as...as – такойже...как

notso...as – не такой...как

The    more    we    learn,    the    more    we    know.    –    Чем Больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.

The sooner, the better.–Чем раньше, тем лучше.

The more exercises we do, the better we understand the grammar rules.

Чем    больше    упражнений    мы    делаем,    тем    лучше    мы    понимаем грамматические правила.

 

Older than    more expensive than

 

He is two years older than his brother. My car is more expensive than his.

 

It’s twice/three times/four times as long/light/heavy/high as

 

The road is twice as long as that one. Some useful idioms of comparison:

As good as gold (золото) As old as the hills (холмы) As busy as bee (пчела) As cold as ice (лед)

As changeable as weather (изменчивкакпогода)

PAST SIMPLE (Прошедшее неопределенное время)

We use the past tense to tell stories about the past.

We also use it whenthe time when  something  happened  is   important

(выражает фиксированные действия в прошлом).

 

Время PastIndefinite служит:

Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Pastindefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия   может   быть   выражено   придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в PastIndefinite могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, lastweek на прошлой неделе, anhourago час тому назад, theotherday на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, duringthelesson вовремя урока и т.п.

I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях.

Не came at five o'clock.       Он пришел в пять часов.

Не called when I was at the Institute. Он заходил, когда я был в Институте.

 Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

Неleftthehotel, tookataxi anddrovetothetheatre,Он вышел из отеля, взял такси и поехал в театр. 

WhenIarrivedattherailway Когда я приехал на вокзал, я пошел в кассу и, купил station, Iwent to the booking-office билет. andboughtaticket

 Для выражения обычного, повторявшегося в прошлом, действия:

Last winter I spent a lot of time in the library.

Прошлой зимой я проводил много времени в читальном зале.

В этом случае вместо глагола в PastIndefinite очень часто употребляется глагол used [ju:sd] в сочетании со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива с частицей to:

Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library.

 

Образование PastIndefinite Tense

 Утвердительная форма PastIndefinite Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания

ed : to live - I lived; to work - I worked; to expect - I expected.

Окончание -ed произносится как [d], [t] или [id] в зависимости от предшествующего звука:

а) после звонких согласных, (кроме d) и гласных как [d]: lived [livd] informed [i'nfo:md]

answered ['a:nsad] followed [foloud]

b)  после глухих согласных (кроме t) как [t]:

helped [helpt], asked [a:skt], finished [fmifl]

c) после d и t как [id]:

waited [weitid], intended [intendid], wanted [wantid]

 

Past Indefinite

неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня: to speak - I spoke [spouk], to begin - I began ; tosell - I sold [sould]; to lose - I lost [lost].

 Вопросительная     форма        PastIndefiniteTense         правильных         и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола todo в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to),причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Did I work?    Did I speak? Did he work? Did he speak?

Отрицательная форма PastIndefiniteTense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола todo в прошедшем времени (did), частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причемnot ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I did not work.    I did not speak. He did not work. He did not speak.

 В вопросительно-отрицательной форме PastIndefiniteTense частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:

Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work?

 

Regular verbs (Правильныеглаголы)	Irregularverbs (Неправильныеглаголы)
work+ed=worked	be – was,were
type+d=typed	can - could
stop+p+ed=stopped	do - did
stay+ed=stayed	get - got
clean+ed=cleaned	go – went
live+d=lived	have - had
like+d=liked	sell – sold, etc
start+ed=started, etc.	write - wrote

 

Positive (положительнаяформа)

 

I/you/he/she/we/they worked in London in 1995. I/you/he/she/we/they went to London in 1995.

 

Negative (отрицательная форма)

 

We use didn’t + infinitive (without to) in all persons. I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t work in London in 1995. I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t go to London in 1995.

 

Yes/Noquestions Shortanswers

 

(Вопросы с предположительным (Краткие ответы) ответом “Yes”, “No”)

Did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London in 1995? Yes, I did./No I didn’t. Did I/you/he/she/we/they go to London in 1995?        Yes, we did./No, we didn’t.

Specialquestions (специальные вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов

“when”, “why”, “where”, “how “ etc.)

When did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London? I worked in London in 1995. Where did I/you/he/she/we/they go in 1995? I went to London in 1995.

Time expressions

night                                       weekend

Saturday                                morning

last  week                                yesterday  afternoon

month                                      evening

year                                         summer

 

In 1987, in May, two days ago, from … till, all day long, the whole day Упражнения на закрепление:

1.. Поставьте глагол в прошедшее время.

1. 
   Yesterday he (go) to work by car.
   
2. 
   I (watch) television yesterday evening.
   
3. 
   He (write) a letter to Jane last week.
   
4. 
   The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon.
   
5. 
   When I was a child, I (want) to be a judge.
   
6. 
   We (leave) home at 8.30 this morning.
   
7. 
   They (do) their shopping last Monday.
   
8. 
   Ann (take) photographs last Sunday.
   

1. 
   Завершите предложения, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму. Пример: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.
   
2. 
   They worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday.
   
3. 
   We went to the shop but we … to the bank.
   
4. 
   She had e pen but she … a paper.
   
5. 
   Jack did Spanish at University but he … English.
   
6. 
   I sent a letter to tom but I … to Mike.
   
7. 
   She went to the post office but she … to the hospital.
   
8. 
   I spoke English when I was a child but I … French.
   
9. 
   I ate meat yesterday but I … fish.
   
10. 
    He read a newspaper yesterday evening but he … a magazine.
    

 

Образуйте общий вопрос.

Пример:. I watched TV last night. And you? Did you watch TV last night?

1. 
   I enjoyed the party. And you? ….
   
2. 
   I had a good holiday. And you? ….
   
3. 
   I got up early this morning. And you? ….
   
4. 
   I slept well last night. And you? ….
   
5. 
   I worked hard yesterday. And you? ….
   
6. 
   I went to bed at eleven o’clock yesterday. And you? ….
   
7. 
   I saw Tom at the party. And you? ….
   
8. 
   I sent three telegrams yesterday. And you? ….
   
9. 
   I passed the exam yesterday. Andyou? ….
   

Скажите, что вы делали (не делали) вчера.

Пример: (watch TV)  I watched TV yesterday. I didn’t watch TV yesterday.

1. 
   (get up before 7.30)
   
2. 
   (have a shower)
   
3. 
   (buy magazine)
   
4. 
   (speak English)
   
5. 
   (do an examination)
   
6. 
   (eat meat)
   
7. 
   (meetmyfriend)
   

Образуйте специальный вопрос.

Пример: He went abroad . Where did he go?

1. 
   I met somebody. Who … ?
   
2. 
   Henry arrived. What time …?
   
3. 
   She saw somebody. Who …?
   
4. 
   They wanted something. What … ?
   
5. 
   The party finished. What time …?
   
6. 
   He went home early. Why …?
   
7. 
   We had dinner. What …?
   
8. 
   It cost a lot of money. Howmuch …?
   

Разыграйте следующие и составьте аналогичныe диалоги.

1. 
   Where were you yesterday morning?
   
2. 
   I discussed a lot of problems with my manager. And you?
   
3. 
   I saw many interesting things yesterday.
   
4. 
   Did you buy any postcards?
   

1. 
   Paul had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown.
   
2. 
   No, he didn’t have an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. He hadanappointmentwithMr. White.
   

Расскажите о вчерашнем дне, предварительно ответив на вопросы:

1. 
   What did you have for breakfast yesterday?
   
2. 
   Did you enjoy your breakfast?
   
3. 
   What did you do after breakfast? d…Did you go to work?
   

 Образуйте вопрос и ответьте на него.

Пример: When did you last have a holiday? - Last July.

Скажите три вещи, которые вы могли делать в пять лет.

Пример: I could ride a bike when I was five.

Скажите три вещи, которые вы не могли делать в пять лет.

Пример: I couldn’t use a computer when I was five.

PresentPerfect (Настоящее завершенное время)

We use the present perfect tense for an action in the past witha result now (выражает действие, завершенное к данному моменту, результат которого на лицо).

We use the present perfect with ever, never, already, just yet, recently,for since, etc.

Форма образования have/has + past participle of the verb Positive (положительнаяформа)

I/we/you/they have done/finished

He/she/it has done/finished

Negative (отрицательная форма)

I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) done/finished He/she/it has not (hasn’t) done/finished

Question (вопрос)

Have I/we/you/they done/finished? Has he/she/it done/finished?

Examples:

I have just done my work.

I haven’t done my work yet.

He has travelled all over the world. They have already come home.

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II	Перевод
to be to become to begin to break to bring to build to burn to buy to choose to come to cat to do to draw to drink to drive to eat to fall to feel to fight to find to fly to forget to get to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hold to keep to know to lead to learn   to leave to let to light to lose to make	was, were became began broke brought built burnt bought chose came cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew hung had heard held kept knew led learnt, learned left let lit lost made	been became begun broken brought built burnt bought chosen come cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown hung had heard held kept known led learnt, learned left let lit lost made	быть становиться начинать(ся) ломать приносить строить гореть, жечь покупать выбирать приходить резать делать тащить, рисовать пить везти есть падать чувствовать бороться находить летать забывать получать, становиться давать идти, ехать расти, выращивать вешать иметь слышать держать держать, хранить знать вести   учить(ся) оставлять

to mean to meet to put to read to ring to run to say to see to sell to send to set to show to shut to sing to sit to sleep to speak to spend to stand to swim to take to teach to tell to think to throw to understand to win to write

meant met put read rang ran said saw sold sent set showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught told thought threw understoo d won wrote

meant met put read rung run said seen sold sent set shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught told thought thrown understoo d won written

позволять зажигать терять делать значить встречать класть читать звонить бежать сказать, говорить видеть продавать посылать помещать, класть показывать закрывать петь сидеть спать говорить тратить, проводить стоять плавать брать учить сказать думать бросать понимать выигрывать писать

HAVE GOT/ HAVE

Have got = Have (в значении “иметь”, “обладать”).

Форма “havegot” чаще употребляется в разговорной речи.

Форма “havegot “ впрошедшем времени не употребляется.

I’ve got a bad cold. но

I had a bad cold last week.

have got have

 

Positive                                                     Positive

 

I have got some money             I have some money You have got some money                                                     You have some money

We have got some money                     We have some money      

They have got some money                    They have some money

 

He has got some money                  He has some money

She has got some money                She has some money

It has got some money                    It has some money

 

Negative                   Negative

 

I haven’t got any money                  I don’t have any money You haven’t got any money                  

You don’t have any money              We haven’t got any money                   

We don’t have any money               They haven’t got any money                  

They don’t have any money              He hasn’t got any money                    

He doesn’t have any money           Shehasn’t got any money                   

She doesn’t have any money It hasn’t got any money      It doesn’t have any money

 

Questions            Questions

Have I got any money?                Do I have any money?

Have you got any money?           Do you have any money?

Have we got any money?             Do we have any money?

Have they got any money?           Do they have any money?

Has he got any money?                Does he have any money?

Has she got any money?               Does she have any money?

Has it got any money?                   Does it have any money?

 

How much money have you got?  

How much money do you have?

How many credit cards have I got?        

How many credit cards do I have?

 

 

Short answers   Short answers

 

Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t.             Yes, I do./ No I don’t.

Yes, she has./ No, she hasn’t.        Yes, she does./ No, she doesn’t.