Учебнометодическое пособие по аспекту Устная речь для студентов III курса факультета английского языка
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Glossary environmental, n – related to the air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live acute, adj – here – very bad pollution, n – damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste poisonous, adj – very harmful and able to cause illness or death dumping, n – getting rid of something unwanted, especially by leaving it in a place where it is not allowed to be rare, adj – not common; very unusual species, n – a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other and can breed with each other scarce, adj – not easy to find or obtain precious, adj – of great value because of being rare, expensive or important admissible, adj – FORMAL considered satisfactory and acceptable in a law court emit, v – to send out a beam, noise, smell or gas harmful, adj – causing harm greenhouse effect, n – an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere which is believed to be the cause of a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth acid rain – rain which contains large amounts of harmful chemicals as a result of burning substances such as coal and oil damage, v – to harm or spoil something destroy, v – to damage something so badly that it does not exist or cannot be used disastrous, adj – extremely bad or unsuccessful drought [dro:t], n – a long period when there is little or no rain emission, n – when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out; an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out combustion – SPECIALIZED the chemical process in which substances mix with oxygen in the air to produce heat and light exhaust fumes – the waste gas from an engine, especially a car's, or the pipe the gas flows through vehicle, n – FORMAL a machine usually with wheels and an engine, which is used for transporting people or goods on land, particularly on roads depletion, n – (a) reduction disaster, n – (an event which results in) great harm, damage or death, or serious difficulty destruction, n – when something is destroyed overpopulation, n – too many people for the amount of food, materials and space available somewhere shortage, n – when there is not enough of something mounting, adj – gradually increasing conservation, n – the protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important structures and buildings, especially from the damaging effects of human activity Global warming Global warming is potential increase in global average surface temperatures resulting from enhancement of the greenhouse effect by air pollution. In 2001 the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimated that by 2100 global average surface temperatures would increase by 2.5 to 10.4 °F (1.4 to 5.8 °C), depending on a range of scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions. Many scientists predict that such an increase would cause polar ice caps and mountain glaciers to melt rapidly, significantly raising the levels of coastal waters, and would produce new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall, seriously disrupting food production in certain regions. Other scientists maintain that such predictions are overstated. The 1992 Earth Summit and the 1997 conference of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change attempted to address the issue of global warming, but in both cases the cause was hindered by conflicting national economic agendas and disputes between rich and poor nations over the cost and consequences of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere that tends to intensify with an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and certain other gases. Glossary enhancement, n – the improving of quality, amount or strength of something estimate, v – to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something scenario, n – a description of possible actions or events in the future cap, n – a small usually protective lid or cover glacier, n – a large mass of ice which moves slowly melt, v – to turn from something solid into something soft or liquid, or to cause something to do this significantly, adv – important or noticeable disrupt, v – to prevent something, especially a system, process or event, from continuing as usual or as expected maintain, v – to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good condition overstated, adj – described or explained in a way that makes it seem more important or serious than it really is attempt, v – to try to do something, especially something difficult hinder, v – to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something carbon dioxide the gas formed when carbon is burned, or when people or animals breathe out Greenhouse effect Visible light from the Sun heats the Earth's surface. Part of this energy is reradiated in the form of long-wave infrared radiation, much of which is absorbed by molecules of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere and reradiated back toward the surface as more heat. This process is analogous to the glass panes of a greenhouse that transmit sunlight but hold in heat. The trapping of infrared radiation causes the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere to warm more than they otherwise would, making the surface habitable. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide caused by widespread combustion of fossil fuels may intensify the greenhouse effect and cause long-term climatic changes. An increase in atmospheric concentrations of other trace gases such as chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane may also aggravate greenhouse conditions. It is estimated that since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 30%, while the amount of methane has doubled. Today the U.S. is responsible for about one-fifth of all human-produced greenhouse-gas emissions. Glossary reradiate, v –to reproduce heat and/or light, or (of heat or light) to be produced infrared, adj – a type of light that feels warm but cannot be seen transmit, v – to broadcast something, or to send out or carry signals using radio, television, etc habitable, adj – providing conditions which are good enough to live in or on combustion, n – SPECIALIZED the chemical process in which substances mix with oxygen in the air to produce heat and light chlorofluorocarbons – synthetic chemical substance, corresponds to Russian “хлорфторуглерод” nitrous oxide – synthetic chemical substance, corresponds to Russian “азотистый оксид” Recycling Recycling is the processing of used objects and materials so that they can be used again. About 60% of rubbish from homes and factories contain materials that could be recycled. Recycling saves energy and row materials, and also reduces damage to the countryside. Glass, paper and aluminium cans can all be recycled very easily. Many towns have bottle banks and can banks where people can leave their empty bottles and cans for recycling. A lot of paper bags, writing paper and greeting cards are now produced on recycled paper. Discussion
What may acid rain and greenhouse effect cause? What is the solution of this problem?
Comment (agree or disagree, say why) upon the following quotations by famous people:
* Aristotle (Greek philosopher and scientist)
Walt Whitman (U.S. poet, journalist, and essayist)
* Zeno (Eastern Roman emperor) Think of how we can prevent the environment from pollution. Fill in the chart with your ideas
Unit 6 School Education in Russia, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IN THE USA Sharing Ideas
SCHOOLING IN RUSSIA, IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IN THE USA Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right to education is stated in the constitution of the Russia Federation. It’s ensured by compulsory secondary schools, vocational schools and higher education establishment. Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: primary education for ages 6-7 to 9-10 inclusive; and senior school for ages 10-11 to 12-13 inclusive, and senior school for ages 13-14 to 14-15 inclusive. If a pupil of secondary school wishes to go on in higher education, he or she must stay at school for two more years. Primary and secondary school together comprise 11 years of study. Every school has a «core curriculum» of academic subjects. After finishing the 9th form one can go on to a vocational school which offer programmes of academic subjects and a programme of training in a technical field, or a profession. After finishing the 11th form of a secondary school, a lyceum or a gymnasium one can go into higher education. All applicants must take competitive exam. All British children must stay at school from the age of 5 until they are 16. Many of them stay longer and take final examination when they are 17 or 18. State schools are divided into the following types:
There are also many schools which the state doesn’t control. They are private schools. They charge fees for educating children and many of them are boarding schools, at which pupils live during the term time. After leaving school many young people go to colleges or further education. Now the state in the United Kingdom provides a full range of free educational facilities. Those parents who send their children to private institution, and could afford it, are free to do so. The organization of state schooling is not centralized as in the most European countries. Firstly, there is no prescribed curriculum. Secondly, the types of school available and the age ranges for which they cater vary in different parts of country. In each area Local educational Authority is responsible for education. At any public school no tuition fees are payable. State schooling in the UK is financed partly by the Governmental and partly by local rates. Schooling is voluntary under the age of 5 but there is some free nursery school education before that age. Primary education takes place in infant schools for pupils ages from 5 to 7 years old and junior schools (from 8 to 11 years). Some areas have different systems in which middle schools replace junior schools and take pupils ages from 9 to 11 years. Secondary education has been available in Britain since 1944. It is compulsory up to the age of 16, and pupils can stay at school voluntarily up to three years longer. The private sector is running parallel to the state system of education. There are over 2500 fee-charging independent schools in GB. Most private schools are single-sex until the age of 16. More and more parents seem prepared to take on the formidable extra cost of the education. The reason is the belief that social advantages are gained from attending a certain school. The most expensive day or boarding schools in Britain are exclusive public schools like Eton College for boys and St. James’ school for girls. The American system of school education differs from the systems in some countries. There are state-supported public schools and private secondary schools. Public state schools are free and private schools are fee-paying. Each individual state has its own system of public schools. The federal government pays little or no attention to the schools. Elementary education begins at the age of six with the first grade (form) and continues through to the eighth grade. In most states children are supposed to go to school until the age of sixteen (or until they have finished the eighth grade). The elementary school is followed by four years of secondary school or high school as it is called there. In some states the last two years of the elementary and the first years of the secondary school are combined into a junior high school. The programme of studies in the elementary school is different at different schools. It includes English, arithmetic (sometimes elementary algebra), geography, history of the USA and elementary natural science including physiology. Physical training, singing, drawing, and handwork (wood or metal work) are also taught. Sometimes a foreign language and the study of general history are begun. Besides giving general education, some high school subjects are useful to those who hope to find jobs in industry and agriculture. Some schools give preparatory education to those planning to enter colleges and universities. Each state has its own university. At the same time, educational opportunities in the USA are formal for many people. One per cent of American citizens from the age of fourteen and older can neither read nor write. Over two million American children do not go to school, and six million attend only the first grade. More than fifty per cent of school students do not finish high school. Glossary concern, n- something that is important to you, or when something is important compulsory, adj - if something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law vocational, adj - providing skills and education that prepare you for a job establishment, n - a business or other organization, or the place where an organization operates senior school – final school period core curriculum – main group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc intelligence, n - the ability to learn, understand and make judgments or have opinions that are based on reason grammar school - a British school, especially in the past, for children aged 11-18 who are good at studying. domestic, adj – belonging or relating to the home, house or family boarding schools - a private school where you can pay to stay and receive meals facility, n - an ability, feature or quality prescribed curriculum - set group of subjects studied in a school cater, v – to provide, and sometimes serve tuition fees – money paid for schooling voluntary, adj - done, made or given willingly, without being forced or paid to do it nursery school – a school for children between the ages of two and five infant schools – in the UK, a school or part of a school for children who are 4 to 7 years old single-sex – where children of same sex study formidable, adj - causing you to have fear or respect for something or someone because they are impressive, powerful or difficult Discussion
Comment (agree or disagree, say why) upon the following quotations by famous people:
*Aristotle (Greek philosopher and scientist)
*Jonathan Sacks (the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom's main body of Orthodox synagogues.)
*Russian proverb
*Robert E. Lee (U.S. and Confederate military leader.) Fill in this table, account for your opinion and use these hints in a topic of your own:
Unit 7 Holidays In Great Britain, USA and Russia Sharing Ideas
British and American holidays Every country and every nation has own traditions and customs. English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. English people celebrate Christmas on the 25th of December. Christmas Day is a family holiday. It is the time when all the family gets together round the Christmas tree decorated with toys and sweets. Children believe that when they are asleep Santa Claus comes with a big bag of toys. They often hang up large stockings for the presents. All families have Christmas dinners. They eat traditional dishes - turkey, duck, and pudding. On the New Year’s Day they watch the old year out and the New Year in. There are some traditions on New Year’s Day. One of them is the old First Footing. The first man to come into the house is very important. The Englishmen believe that he brings luck. This man (not a woman) must be healthy, young and pretty-looking. He brings presents - bread, a piece of coal or a coin. Another best-loved holiday is St.Valentine’s Day on the 14th of February - the holiday of love and affection, the day of sending «valentines» and giving presents to those you love «Be My Valentine» - Englishmen with these word ask to become friends or companion Valentines often are decorated with symbols of love - red hearts and roses, ribbons and laces. In England tradition of celebrating Easter is deep-rooted in the history of the nation. Easter is a church holiday. There is a popular belief that wearing 3 new things on Easter will bring good luck. Traditionally Easter is marked by parades of people in bright new spring clothes are held on this day. Another custom is decorating eggs for children. Eggs are hidden in the yards little children believe that the Easter rabbit comes and leaves eggs for them. Easter candies are maid in the form of eggs, little chickens and rabbits. Halloween is the day or evening before all Saint’s Day. Children dress up in Halloween costumes and put masks over their faces. They go out into the streets to beg. People give them sweets, cookies and apples. A favorite Halloween custom is to make a jack-o’-lantern (the children scrape out a pumpkin and cut the eyes, nose and mouth). They light a candle inside the pumpkin to scare their friends. There are so-called Bank holidays in the UK. Prior to 1834, the Bank of England observed about thirty-three saints' days and religious festivals as holidays, but according to the Act of Parliament in 1834, this was drastically reduced to just four: 1 May, 1 November, Good Friday, and Christmas Day. According to the Act of Parliament of 1871 there are 4 bank holidays (Public holidays in G.B. are called bank holidays because the banks as wall as most of the offices and shops are closed) Easter Monday, Spring Bank Holiday (Whitsun), December 26th - Boxing Day and May Day Bank Holiday. Other public holidays are Good Friday, May Day, Also there is a Pancake Day, April’s Fool Day and Mother’s Day. People in the USA have holidays both, similar to those celebrated in England and special, nationally-coloured ones. Each of 50 states establishes its own legal holidays. But there are holidays, which are common to all federal offices. They are the New Year Day, Washington Birthday - "President's Day", Memorial Day, Independence Day and Thanksgiving Day. There are also many traditional holidays such as St' Valentine's Day, Mothers' Day and Halloween. Perhaps the "two most American holidays" are the 4th of July and Thanksgiving Day. The Independence Day is like a big national party. It takes place through over the country: in neighborhoods, beaches or in parks. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags and many politicians try to give a patriotic speech if there are any listeners. But what makes this holiday exciting is the atmosphere of enjoyment. Families have beach parties with hot-dogs and hamburgers, volleyball, fireworks and rockets at night. The national birthday is also the nation's greatest annual summer party. Like X-mas. Thanksgiving Day is the day for families to come together. Traditional foods are prepared for the feast - turkey or ham, cranberry sauce and corn dishes, breads and rolls, pumpkin pies. St' Valentine's Day, February 14th, is sweethearts' day when people who are in love express their affection for each other in merry ways. The cards may be different but the message is the same: "Will you be my Valentine?" Halloween means ""holly evening". It takes place on the 31st of October. At parties people dress up in strange costumes and pretend they are witches. They cut horrible faces in potatoes and pumpkins and put a candle inside which shines through the eyes. People may play different games such as trying to eat an apple from a bucket of water without using their hands. In recent years children dressed in white sheets knocked on doors at Halloween and ask if you like trick or treat. If you give them something nice - a treat - they go away. But if you don't they play a trick on you, such as making a lot of noise on your front doorstep. Glossary custom, n - a way of behaving or a belief which has been established for a long time stockings, n - a large sock which children leave out when they go to bed on Christmas Eve so that it can be filled with small presents affection, n - a feeling of liking for a person or place ribbon, n - long narrow strip of material used to tie things together or as a decoration lace, n - a decorative cloth which is made by weaving thin thread in delicate patterns with holes in them jack-o’-lantern, n - a pumpkin that has been hollowed out and cut with holes shaped like eyes, a nose, and a mouth, and lit with a candle inside, which is made at Halloween pumpkin, n - a large, round vegetable with hard yellow or orange flesh establish, v - to start something that will continue for a long time common, adj - belonging to or shared by two or more people or things neighborhood, n - neighbouring places are next to or near each other band, n- group of musicians who play modern music together fireworks, n - loud noise when explosive chemicals which produce bright coloured patterns explode annual, adj – taking place each year cranberry, n - a small round red fruit with a sour taste affection, n - a feeling of liking for a person or place pretend, v - to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not, especially in order to deceive people or as a game witch, n - woman who is believed to have magical powers and who uses them to harm or help other people bucket, n- a container with an open top and a handle, often used for carrying liquids Discussion
Holidays in Russia Sharing Ideas
Russian holidays If you think about the most appropriate time to work in Russia, forget about May. First, there is a two-day celebration of May 1, which under the Soviets used to be the International Day of Workers' Solidarity and now is the Day of Labor and Spring. Then, there is May 9, Victory Day, marking the Russian victory in World War II. With a weekend in between and a couple of days taken off to round it out, many Russians do not appear at their work places for about a fortnight. Apart from being an impressive loss of working hours for the national economy, Russian holidays are also remarkably contradictory, ideologically speaking. On June 12, a relatively new holiday, Russian Federation Day, is celebrated to mark the day in 1990 that Russia adopted a declaration of sovereignty. On November 7 and 8 the country still celebrates what under the Soviets was the anniversary of the 1917 Bolshevik revolution, which led to the creation of the USSR. Nowadays, the anniversary of the revolution is called the Day of Reconciliation and Unity. December 12, Constitution Day, marks the adoption of the 1993 constitution, which legitimized the end of the Soviet era. Nowadays, the New Year remains the biggest and the most popular winter holiday in Russia. However, following the collapse of the atheist regime, Russia started to celebrate Orthodox Christmas, which, according to the old Church calendar, comes after the secular New Year--on January 7. Russian people also celebrate, though unofficially, the so-called "old New Year," on the evening of January 13-14. Hardly a month passes by before there is another holiday -February 23, Army Day. Historically this holiday has nothing to do with the creation either of the Soviet or the Russian armies. Rather, on that day in 1918, the Bolshevik leaders called on workers to take up arms to defend St. Petersburg from the White Guards, who were closing in on the city. Less than two weeks after Army Day comes the first spring public holiday: On March 8, the country celebrates the Women's Day, another Soviet holdover. The May 8 holiday originated with the German socialist Klara Zetkin, who began the International Women's Day (IWD) in 1911. The Bolsheviks adopted it after they came to power. Yet it was on that day that Soviet women expected to be presented with flowers, be taken care of and generally be treated gallantly. Only two public holidays in Russia retain their original meaning and are equally loved by everyone in the country--New Year's and Victory Day. The New Year celebration was always a family occasion. And since the Second World War affected every family in Russia, Victory Day remains a sacred day for all, truly uniting the country. In addition to the public holidays celebrated in throughout Russia, Daghestanis observe also some traditional holidays of their own. Being the followers of Islam and in accordance with their religious freedom, they celebrate Uraza-Bairam on the occasion of completing fasting in the sacred month of Ramazan, the 9-th month of the Islamic lunar calendar. Another major religious holiday is Kurban – Bairam, celebrated in 70 days after Ramazan. Before it thousands of Daghestan Moslems go on pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, the sacred places of Islam. These and other Islamic holidays are movable – that is due to the fact that they are based on the lunar calendar which is 10 or 11 days shorter than the solar, Gregorian calendar. Daghestanis observe non- religious holidays as well. They are: Navruz – Bairam, an ancient folk festival which marks the beginning of spring, Holliday of the first Furrow is mostly celebrated by the rural population to mark the beginning of a new agricultural year, Day of shepherds, a professional holiday of shepherds held in Summer, Festival of flowers which is customarily held in the Akhty district in May, Festival of Sweet Cherry, usually celebrated in the Kasumkent district in June etc. In recent years it has become a tradition to celebrate the White Cranes Day in commemoration of the fallen in the battle fields. On the initiative of the poet Rasul Gamzatov, this memorable date is marked every year in the village of Gunib. The main national holiday of Daghestan is its Constitution Day celebrated all over the republic on July, 26. Glossary appropriate, adj - correct or right for a particular situation or occasion fortnight, n - a period of two weeks contradictory, adj - stating the opposite of some fact or statement sovereignty, n - the power or authority to rule reconciliation, n - the process of making two people or groups of people friendly again after they have argued seriously or fought and kept apart from each other, or a situation in which this happens legitimize, v - to make (something) legal or acceptable collapse, n - to be unable to continue or to remain in operation; fail Orthodox, adj - (of beliefs, ideas, or activities) following generally accepted beliefs or standards secular, adj - not having any connection with religion public, adj – here - official holdover, n – remained features from the previous times gallantly, adv – (of a man) polite and kind towards women, especially when in public retain, v - to keep or continue to have something: sacred, adj - considered to be holy and deserving respect, especially because of a connection with a god fasting, n - a period of time when you eat no food lunar, adj – moon related pilgrimage, n - journey made by a pilgrim to a place which is considered special, and which you visit to show your respect movable, adj – having no fixed date solar, adj – sun related crane, n - a tall bird with long thin legs and a long neck commemoration, n - something which is done to remember officially and give respect to a great person or event Discussion
Comment (agree or disagree, say why) upon the following quotations by famous people:
*Henny Youngman (a British comedian and violinist famous for "one-liners," short, simple jokes usually delivered rapid-fire)
*Burton Hillis (an American writer) Fill in the following chart
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