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Учебное пособие Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное Москва Астрель act 2005


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Е.И. Курашвили, И.И. Кондратьева B.C. Штрунова

английский язык

для студентов-физиков
Второй этап обучения
Учебное пособие
Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное

Москва Астрель • ACT 2005

УДК 811.111 (075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ-923 К48


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Санитарно-эпидемиологическое заключение № 77.99.02.953.Д.000577.02.04 от 03.02.2004 г.


Курашвили, Е.И.

К48 Английский язык для студентов-физиков. Второй этап обу­чения : учеб. пособие / Е.И. Курашвили, И.И. Кондратьева, B.C. Штрунова. — 2-е изд., персраб. и доп. — М.: Астрель: ACT, 2005. - 189, |3] с.

ISBN 5-17-019110-3 (ООО «Издательство АСТ») ISBN 5-271-06611-8 (ООО «Издательство Астрель»)

Основная цель пособия — совершенствование навыков и умений в различных видах чтения, а также обучение устным формам обшения по научной тематике. Задания к текстам имеют проблемный характер и ставят целью развивать у студентов логическое мышление и умение вести дискуссию.

Оригинальные тексты пособия представляют практический и познава­тельный интерес для студентов технических вузов физического профиля.

Книга содержит четыре тематических раздела (20 Units): 1. Научно-технические и технологические достижения и общество; 2. Теории проис­хождения Вселенной; 3. Мир субатомных частиц; 4. Современные научные открытия, теории и технологии, а также дополнительные тексты для чтения (Supplementary Reading).

УДК 811.111 (075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ-923

ISBN 5-17-019110-3 (ООО «Издательство АСТ»)

ISBN 5-271-06611-8

(ООО «Издательство Астрель»)
>Е.И. Курашвили, И.И. Кондратьева, B.C. Штрунова, 2003 (ООО «Издательство Астрель», 2003

READING

Read the passage below looking for the ideas concerning the "good" and the "harm" of scientific and technological discoveries.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN MODERN SOCIETY

Natural science is the main characteristic feature distinguishing the present civilization from the other civilizations in the past. From its early beginnings in the sixteenth century, the developments of science have influenced the course of western civilization more and more until today it plays'^ most dominant role. *It is not much of an exaggeration to say that we live in a world that, materially and intellectually, has been created by science.

This point is easy to illustrate on the material level. One merely needs to mention the telephone, the radio, the television, the automobile, and the airplane, or any of the count/ess devices invented by the application of science. There is hardly an article used in the homes, in the places of work, or in the places of enjoyment that has not been modified by technology based on science; the means of communication that bind the continents into a single community depend on scientific know-how; without modern sanitation it would be impossible to have large centres of population; without modern industry and agriculture it would be impossible to feed, to clothe, and to provide the "abundant life" to this large population.

There is, however, another part of the story, less obvious and less well known, but far more important. It is a story of expanding intellectual horizons — the impact of science on the mind of a man. *Fundamentally, science is an intellectual enterprise, an attempt to understand the world in a particular way. All the developments mentioned above are but the results, the outcomes of this intellectual activity.

Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every twelve to fifteen years. In 1930 man knew four times as much as he did in 1900; by 1960 his knowledge had grown sixteenfold, and by the year 2000 it was a hundred times what it had been a century previously.

The second part of the twentieth century brought a number of technical innovations, which are still very young but which are taken so much for granted that it is as if they have always existed.

In the fifties of the last century hardly anyone would probably have believed that we should be able to sit at home and watch astronauts walking in space or that people could be kept alive by the heart of a dead man.

The transistor was not invented until 1948. This piece of electronic equipment found wide use in space technology, computers, transistor radios, medical instruments, television sets — in fact, wherever precise control and modulation of electrical signals was required. It seemed absurd to suppose

Parti

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AND SOCIETY
Concern for man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavours, concern for the greatest unsolved problems of the organization of labour and the distribution of goods — in order that the creations of our minds shall be a blessing and not a curse to mankind. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations.

Albert Einstein
INTRODUCTORY UNIT

Before reading the passage, let's ask the students of your group their opinions on some aspects of the problem of technological progress.
PUBLIC OPINION POLL

1. What do you think of science? Do science and technology do more good than harm, more harm than good, or about equal?

Opinion

Men

Women

Total

More good than harm










More harm than good










About equal











2. Leaving out military applications, do you think that scientific discoveries can have very dangerous effects?

Opinion

Men

Women

Total

Yes










No










Discuss the results of the public opinion poll with your partners. Give reasons for your opinion.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Данное пособие предназначено для студентов II курса технических вузов физического профиля и является продолжением учебника «Анг­лийский язык для студентов-физиков. Первый этап обучения». Изда-ниетрстьс, переработанное (автор Е.И. Курашвили). М., 2001.

Цель учебного пособия — подготовить студентов к работе с литера­турой по специальности и ведению беседы по научной тематике с ис­пользованием методического приема, который получил название «учеб­ная дискуссия». Предусматривается дальнейшее совершенствование навыков и умений в различных видах чтения, а также обучение устным формам общения по научной тематике на материале предложенныхтек-стов и упражнений с изобразительной опорой в виде диаграмм, таблиц и логических схем. Задания к текстам, в основном, имеют проблемный характер и ставят целью развивать у студентов логическое мышление и умение вести дискуссию.

Учебное пособие разработано на основе оригинальных текстов по темам, представляющим практический и познавательный интерес для студентов физического профиля, и состоит из 20 уроков основною кур­са и 10 уроков дополнительною чтения, рассчитанных примерно на 60-70 часов аудиторных занятий.

Тематически тексты уроков сгруппированы в три раздела, и при про­хождении каждого раздела предусматривается проведение учебной кон­ференции на основе пройденной тематики.

Раздел I посвящен научным и технологическим достижениям XX столетия и трудно разрешимым проблемам экологии и общества в це­лом. Затрагивается вопрос об ответственности ученого перед обществом.

В разделе 11 обсуждаются современные теории происхождения Все­ленной, а в разделе III — микромир элементарных частиц.

В разделе IV представлены некоторые современные теории, откры­тия и технологии в области физики.

В каждом уроке представлено два тематически связанных текста: текст А, предназначенный для самостоятельной работы студентов и пред­полагающий изучающее чтение (детальное понимание читаемого), и текст В, предназначенный для ознакомительного и просмотрового чте­ния в аудитории. В конце пособия дастся поурочный словарь.

Авторы

that it could ever be replaced, however, the invention oflCs (integrated circuits) in 1958 brought in a new era of change in the field, so fundamental that it already has the characteristics of a second industrial revolution.

A mere twelve years separated the launching of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 in 1957 and man's first landing on the Moon in 1969. The first long-term orbital station Salyut launched in 1971 opened a new era in space research, providing the possibility of conducting investigations in the field of astrophysics, space technology, medicine, biology, etc. under conditions inconceivable on the earth. Another period of ten years and in 1981 we could witness the launching of a typically new cosmic vehicle — the Shuttle.

It is not difficult to continue with other examples but the point is clear. Events such as these were characteristic of the rate of technological development in the second half of the 20th century. *They suggest that the technological innovations we are to experience during the next twenty years to come may well surpass our wildest fantasies and today's tomorrow may well become tomorrow's the day before yesterday. Science occupies a central position in modern society. It dominates man's whole existence. Research and innovations in technology should improve society's living and working conditions and remedy the negative effects of technical and social changes.

*Reccnt developments of nuclear weapons, satellites, space platforms and intercontinental ballistic missiles have attracted, and rightly so, public attention throughout the world. *Thcy make wars of annihilation possible and forcily thrust upon us the necessity of coming to an understanding with the other nations. It is not merely a matter of peace, but, rather, poses the question of the very survival of the human race.
Answer the following questions using the information from the text or from any other sources.

  1. What means of communication were mentioned in the text?

  2. What technological innovations of the 20th century made communication between continents possible?

  3. How do science and technology influence people?

  4. At what rate was scientific knowledge developing in the 20th century?

  5. What are the potential dangers ofscientific discoveries?

  6. Are science and technology a blessing for a man or a curse?




  • Try to guess the meaning of the words and word combinations given in italics in the text.

  • Translate the sentences marked with an asterisk.

  • Think and say a few words about:

a) the rate of the human knowledge development basing on the figures below:

1900 1930 -> 1960 -> 2000 1 ->4-» 16 —» 100

b) space research development.
Read the two summaries below. Which summary reflects the ideas of the passage more accurately? Why is the other one not good? Is it because

  1. it is too short and the main idea is not expressed clearly?

  2. it is too long and there are too many details and the key ideas do not stand out?

  3. the wrong key ideas have been selected?


Summary 1

Natural science and technology play a dominant role in modern society. The range of human knowledge doubles every twelve to fifteen years. Research and innovations should improve living and working conditions and remedy the negative effects of technical and social changes.
Summary 2

Natural science is the main characteristic feature of the present civilization. Science and technology have modified our homes, places of work and enjoyment, means of communications. Science expands man's intellectual horizons. The range of human knowledge doubles every twelve years and by the year 2000 it was a hundred times what it had been a century previously. The second half of the twentieth century brought a number of technical innovations — transistor, ICs, satellites, etc. Recent developments of nuclear weapons make wars of annihilation possible and pose the question of the survival of the human race.

UNIT ONE

GRAMMAR: THE PASSIVE VOICE The Passive Voice
tobe + V3(Vc<])




Simple

Continuous

Perfect

Present

I am asked/sent

1 am being asked/sent

I have been asked/sent

Past

1 was asked/sent

I was being asked/sent

1 had been asked/sent

Future

I shall be asked/sent




1 shall have been asked/sent


ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА НЕКОТОРЫХ ТИПОВ ГЛАГОЛОВ В PASSIVE VOICE

а) В ряде случаев при сказуемом в пассиве, выраженном глаголами типа
toshow, togive, totell, tooffer, topermitи др., подлежащее английского
предложения может быть переведено на русский язык только кос-
венным дополнением
в форме дательного или винительного падежа.

We were shown the new laboratory. Нам показали новую лабораторию.

б) Если после сказуемого, выраженного глаголом в пассиве, стоитотде-
ляемый предлог (т.е. предлог без последующих слов, относящихся к
нему), при переводе соответствующий русский предлог ставится в
начале предложения и, таким образом, подлежащее английского
предложения переводится предложным дополнением.

This article is often referred to. На эту статью часто ссылаются.

Запомните значения следующих глаголов:

to act on/upon — дейстиопать, нлиять на to deal with — рассматривать, излагать, иметь дело с to depend on/upon — зависеть от, полагаться на to rely on/upon — полагаться на

to refer to — ссылаться на, относиться к, обращаться к
Translate into Russian.

  1. The new phenomenon has been much written about.

  2. His last research is still being spoken about.

  3. The new equipment was sent for.

  4. This theory is often referred to.

  5. That problem must be thoroughly dealt with.

  6. A charged particle is acted upon by forces.

в) При переводе пассивных форм английских переходных глаголов, которым в русском языке соответствуют глаголы с предложным до­полнением, предлог ставится перед словом, являющимся в англий­ском языке подлежащим.

The lecture wasfollowedby an experiment. За лекцией последовал экспери мент.
Translate into Russian.

  1. Our life is more and more influenced by science.

  2. The performance of the device has been affected by many factors.

  3. Our letter was immediately answered.

  4. Some of the results of the experiment are still strongly doubted.

  5. All the questions asked were answered in detail.

  6. The experiment was followed very carefully.


WORD AND PHRASE STUDY
V + -ion (-tion, -sion) = N

accelerate + -ion = acceleration
Translate the following nouns and give the corresponding verbs.

explanation, utilization, evolution, relation, computation, direction, oscillation, division, collection, emission, civilization, exaggeration, communication

N + -al =A proportion + -al = proportional
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