Английский язык. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков устной речи и чтения для магистрантов технических специальностей
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UNIT I. ENGINEERING1. In groups of two or three discuss what engineering is and give your definition of engineering. 2. Think of at least five different fields of engineering and their application in the modern world. 3. Match a specialist with the function he/she is responsible for.
4. Skim the first part of the text and compose the ABC-list of modern engineering specializations. 5. Read the text Part 1 of Text A and compare your ideas from the warming up activity 2 with the ideas given in the text. Are there any ideas that you haven’t thought of? Text A Part 1 Engineering has been called the «invisible» or «stealth» profession. Everything around you and that you use every day has been engineered in some way yet you may not see the engineers behind the scenes or know much about engineering. You have math and science classes and both are basic to engineering. But, engineers take math and science from paper and the lab to invent, design, and build things that matter. They are team players with independent minds who ask, «How can we develop a better recycling system to protect the environment, design a school that can withstand an earthquake, or create cutting-edge special effects for the movies?» By dreaming up creative and practical solutions, engineers are changing the world all the time. Aerospace engineers design, analyze, model, simulate, and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, missiles, and rockets. Aerospace technology also extends to many other applications of objects moving within gases or liquids. Examples are golf balls, high-speed trains, hydrofoil ships, or tall buildings in the wind. As an aerospace engineer, you might work on the Orion space mission, which plans on putting astronauts back on the moon by 2020. Or, you might be involved in developing a new generation of space telescopes, the source of some of our most significant cosmological discoveries. But outer space is just one of many realms to explore as an aerospace engineer. You might develop commercial airliners, military jets, or helicopters for our airways. And getting even more down-to-earth, you could design the latest ground and sea transportation, including high-speed trains, racing cars, or deep-sea vessels that explore life at the bottom of the ocean. Most people take the sounds we hear every day for granted. But it may surprise you to learn that the creation of audio is a unique endeavor that blends both art and science. Did you ever stop to think how they created the sounds in a video game, or in a move, TV show or at a concert? There are literally thousands of different jobs available in this field that are as rewarding as they are challenging. There are many career choices in the field of Audio Engineering. Perhaps you are a musician, interested in electronics and sound, or like the idea of working with people who produce and perform in the many fields of entertainment. You will find challenging and fulfilling work in audio engineering. Bioengineers study living systems and apply that knowledge to solve various problems. They study the safety of food supplies, keep desirable organisms alive in fermentation processes, and design biologically based sensors. Bioengineering is widely used to destroy wastes and clean up contaminated soil and water. These engineers contribute greatly to human health and the environment. Ceramic and Materials Engineers solve problems by relying on their creative and technical skills – making useful products in many forms from common as well as exotic materials. Every day we use a multitude of these products. Each time we talk on the phone, use a computer, or heat food in a microwave oven, we are using products made possible by the inventions and designs of engineers working with ceramics and other materials. Everything around us is made of chemicals. Chemical changes can be used to produce all kinds of useful products. Chemical Engineers discover and manufacture better plastics, paints, fuels, fibers, medicines, fertilizers, semiconductors, paper, and all other kinds of chemicals. Chemical Engineers also play an important role in protecting the environment, inventing cleaner technologies, calculating environmental impacts, and studying the fate of chemicals in the environment. Computer Engineering is the design, construction, implementation, and maintenance of computers and computer controlled equipment for the benefit of humankind. Most universities offer Computer Engineering as either a degree program of its own or as a sub-discipline of Electrical Engineering. With the widespread use and integration of computers into our everyday lives, it's hard to separate what an Electrical Engineer needs to know and what a Computer Engineer needs to know. Because of this, several universities offer a dual degree in both Electrical and Computer Engineering. Environmental Engineering is the study of ways to protect the environment. Most of us care deeply about stopping pollution and protecting our natural resources. Imagine yourself having more than just a passion for saving our environment, but also possessing the actual know-how to do something about these alarming problems! As an environmental engineer, you’ll make a real difference in the survival of our planet by finding ways of cleaning up our oceans, rivers, and drinking water, developing air pollution equipment, designing more effective recycling systems, or discovering safe ways to dispose of toxic waste. 6. Answer the questions. Why has engineering been called «invisible» profession? How are engineers changing the world all the time? What are profession prospects for an aerospace engineer? What are the career choices in the field of audio engineering? What do bioengineers contribute to human health and the environment? What is a ceramic and materials engineer responsible for? What is the role of a chemical engineer? What do computer engineers do? How can an environmental engineer make a real difference in the survival of our planet? 7. The verbs (from the text) given below describe what different engineers do. Check if you know these words and word combinations. Which verb or phrase corresponds to a particular specialist in engineering? Find them in the text and ask your partner to translate the sentences. Build, construct, analyze, create, control, calculate, develop, coordinate, module, discover, direct, simulate, design, implement, test, explore, produce, play important role in, invent, perform, be involved in, research, contribute, be interested in. 8. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word. We’re building/inventing a new warehouse. Our company produces/provides technical support for LFB & Hovard. This agency modules/designs shop interiors for big and small businesses. Our department looks for new materials and technologies/properties we can use to illuminate buildings more sufficiently/economically. I’m particularly involved/interested in job of a Senior Technician for MC New Product Development. Most of the time I did machining and finishing. But at the end I was doing some quality control/analysis work as well. I run/play important role in a small company called Lab2, which makes/simulates miniature cameras for medical applications. We produce/create five models, and we are currently discovering/developing two new models for endoscopes. His work contributes/involves a lot of market research as well as day-to-day administration/implementation. 9. As you have noticed the letter D (in the ABC-list for engineers, Activity 4) has been omitted? Produce some ideas of yours (on engineering specializations) for the letter D? 10. Read Part 2 of Text A, find out the difference between a mechanical engineer and a manufacturing one. What do they have in common? Part 2. Manufacturing means making things. Manufacturing engineers direct and coordinate the processes for making things – from the beginning to the end. As businesses try to make products better and at less cost, it turns to manufacturing engineers to find out how. Manufacturing engineers work with all aspects of manufacturing from production control to materials handling to automation. The assembly line is the domain of the manufacturing engineer. Machine vision and robotics are some of the more advanced technologies in the manufacturing engineer’s toolkit. As a mechanical engineer, you might develop a bike lock or an aircraft carrier, a child’s toy or a hybrid car engine, a wheelchair or a sailboat – in other words, just about anything you can think of that involves a mechanical process, whether it’s a cool, cutting-edge product or a life-saving medical device. Mechanical engineers are often referred to as the general practitioners of the engineering profession, since they work in nearly every area of technology, from aerospace and automotive to computers and biotechnology. 11. Read the text and complete the gaps using the words in the box.
The beginning of the manufacturing (1) … often involves creating prototypes or models of the desired object. In the (2) …, these prototypes were created from wood or clay (kind of like sculpting). Today rapid prototyping is the (3) … of the art. There are a number of types of rapid prototyping systems currently (4) …, but one of the coolest is called stereolithography. A computer-controlled laser shoots through a pool of liquid plastic and forms a solid plastic part which is literally pulled out of the (5) …. Manufacturing (6) … use rapid prototyping to reduce time to market for something new as well as reducing (7) … cost. 12. Read the first passage of Part 3 and decide if the following statements are True or False: Nuclear engineers release the power of the atom. They experiment with tiny natural bursts of energy. The problems that a nuclear engineer faces are significantly limited. Nuclear engineering offers a great number of career opportunities. Every nuclear engineer is in charge of radiation measurements. Part 3. Nuclear engineers harness the power of the atom to benefit humankind. They search for efficient ways to capture and put to beneficial use those tiny natural bursts of energy resulting from sub-atomic particles that break apart molecules. As a nuclear engineer, you may be challenged by problems in consumer and industrial power, space exploration, water supply, food supply, environment and pollution, health, and transportation. Participation in these broad areas may carry you into many exciting and challenging careers. These may include interaction of radiation with matter, radiation measurements, radioisotope production and use, reactor engineering, and fusion reactors and materials. 13. Read Part 4 of Text A and answer the questions. 1) What does a petroleum engineer do? Do you think we can treat petroleum engineering as a sub-discipline of environmental engineering? 2) What are the positive and negative effects of engineering? Part 4. Petroleum engineers study the earth to find oil and gas reservoirs. They design oil wells, storage tanks, and transportation systems. They supervise the construction and operation of oil and gas fields. Petroleum engineers are researching new technologies to allow more oil and gas to be extracted from each well. They help supply the world's need for energy and chemical raw materials. Everywhere you look you’ll see examples of engineering having a positive effect on everyday life. Cars are safer, sound systems deliver better acoustics, medical tests are more accurate, and computers and cell phones are a lot more fun! 14. Look through the whole text (Parts 1, 2, 3, 4) and decide what career opportunities are described by the following adjectives and why? Give reasons using the words from the previous exercise. significant fulfilling creative exciting unique challenging effective rewarding 15. Match the words (1-7)to the definitions (a-g)
16. Make the following words negative by adding the prefixes in- or un-. Adequate significant Appropriate sufficient Economical suitable Effective visible Efficient reliable Write your own example sentences. 17. In pairs take turns to describe career opportunities (using the words and phrases from exercises above). Ask your partner to guess what it is. EXAMPLE: This engineer develops/ researches/ controls … . His/her job involves … . I find it challenging/ significant … etc. 18. Discuss with your partner what career in engineering you consider to be the most beneficial one to the humankind. Make a short presentation to the class. 19. Read Text B (the blog) and complete the profile. Text B My name is Goran Braska and I live in Quebec, Canada. I’m Serbian and I’ve lived in Quebec for six years. I came to Canada to study Engineering. In my fourth year I got my Masters in Bio-medical Engineering, after doing a degree in Mechanical Engineering for three years. I love my work. Right now, I’m working for a bio-medical company called Medtronic. I’m a Research and Development Technician and I’m developing new devices for artificial arms and legs. My ambition is to become the Head of R&D.
20. Complete Text C with the words in brackets, using the correct tense form. Text C My name is Kevin Roddson. I’m a student and currently I ______________ (work) at a manufacturing company in Sheffield. The company ____________ (specialize) in robotics. Right now, we ___________ (develop) a new project with LED Mechanics. We _________ (start) our first series of trials in three months’ time. I normally __________ (spend) four days a week with my employer, and one day at a college. Most days I ________ (be) at work from 8.00 until 16.30, but on some days I _________ (stay) late in order to finish a job. At the moment I __________ (do) an apprenticeship in engineering. After I _____________ (complete) my apprenticeship in July, I ____________ (have) a short holiday. 21. Make compound nouns using the words in the box. There may be more than one possible answer.
Apprentice _____________ Blog __________________ Business _______________ Career _________________ Company _______________ Curriculum _____________ Engineering _____________ Job ____________________ Work __________________ Production ______________ 22. Rearrange the sentences into correct order to compose a dialogue between an interviewer and a candidate. Act out the conversation. I’m particularly interested in the job of Technician for RGR project Development. I see. Good! And how long have you worked there? Thank you for coming in for an interview, Ms Collins. I’ve read through your CV and I’d just like to check a few details. We currently have two technician posts vacant. Which job are you interested in? And what are the responsibilities in your current job? OK. I see that you are currently working at Horton Engineering as a Junior Technician. Fair enough! Now, exactly what kind of business is your company in? Actually, I’m now a Senior Technician, since last month. We’re involved in robotics, and medical engineering as well. So, more or less the same field as yourselves. I joined in 2008, so I’ve been there since then, until now. Most of the time I work on quality control and product testing. But I’m currently helping develop a new product. That involves building a prototype. It’s a company secret. 23. Over to you! Your company has sent you on a training course. The trainer wants you to tell the other participants some details about yourself. Make some notes about these things and introduce them the audience. Be ready to answer their questions. Company/department How long have you been working there Job title Your responsibilities and what are you in charge of Some things you do A current project. 24. Look again at the table in Activity 3 and make up a similar table adding at least two other responsibilities (apart from those mentioned in the text) to each specialist. 25. Work in small groups and compose some leaflets for applicants and university student advertising one of the majors in Engineering and Technology. Present your work to the rest of the class. Whose speech is the most attractive and conclusive in your opinion? UNIT II. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1. Work in pairs and speak on the questions. Agree or disagree with your partner. 1) What do you know about the Industrial Revolution? 2) When and where did it occur? What did it result in? 3) Are there any disadvantages of this phenomenon? 2. Guess the meaning of the following words and pronounce them correctly. Analyze suffixes and determine the parts of speech where it is possible. Industrial, industrialization, mechanized, productivity, efficiency, urban, proportion, pressure, distance, effect, service, monarch, aristocrat, ambitious, prestige, policy, mechanics, investor, imitate, negative, aspects, traditional, dramatically, practical regulation, social, continent, factors, risk. 3. What can be the result of the Industrial Revolutions? Choose the proper variant. Does your partner agree with you? a) One of the most obvious changes to people’s lives was that more people moved into the urban areas where factories were located. Many of the agricultural laborers who left villages were forced to move. b) The Industrial Revolution also had inconsiderable impact upon the nature of work. It slightly changed the daily lives of ordinary men, women, and children in the regions where it took root and grew. c) The Industrial Revolution resulted in the changes in traditional economies, but not whole societies. 4. Read Text A and check your answer in Activity 2. Text A. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION |