Английский язык. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков устной речи и чтения для магистрантов технических специальностей
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Part 1 Introduction The Industrial Revolution, widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Great Britain during the last half of the 18th century and spread through regions of Europe and to the United States during the following century. In the 20th century industrialization on a wide scale extended to parts of Asia and the Pacific Rim. Today mechanized production and modern economic growth continue to spread to new areas of the world, and much of humankind has yet to experience the changes typical of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones. It is called a revolution because it changed society both significantly and rapidly. The most immediate changes were in the nature of production: what was produced, as well as where and how. Goods that had traditionally been made in the home or in small workshops began to be manufactured in the factory. Productivity and technical efficiency grew dramatically, in part through the systematic application of scientific and practical knowledge to the manufacturing process. Efficiency was also enhanced when large groups of business enterprises were located within a limited area. The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas into urban communities in search of work. The changes brought by the Industrial Revolution overturned not only traditional economies, but also whole societies. Economic changes caused far-reaching social changes, including the movement of people to cities, the availability of a greater variety of material goods, and new ways of doing business. The overall amount of goods and services produced expanded dramatically, and the proportion of capital invested per worker grew. New groups of investors, businesspeople, and managers took financial risks and reaped great rewards. Costs and Benefits In the long run the Industrial Revolution has brought economic improvement for most people in industrialized societies. Many enjoy greater prosperity and improved health, especially those in the middle and the upper classes of society. The modern, industrial societies created by the Industrial Revolution have come at some cost, however. In some cases, the lower classes of society have suffered economically. The nature of work became worse for many people, and industrialization placed great pressures on traditional family structures as work moved outside the home. The economic and social distances between groups within industrial societies are often very wide, as is the disparity between rich industrial nations and poorer neighboring countries. The natural environment has also suffered from the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Industrialization has brought factory pollutants and greater land use, which have harmed the natural environment. In particular, the application of machinery and science to agriculture has led to greater land use and, therefore, extensive loss of habitat for animals and plants. In addition, drastic population growth following industrialization has contributed to the decline of natural habitats and resources. These factors, in turn, have caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Pollution, deforestation, and the destruction of animal and plant habitats continue to increase as industrialization spreads. Perhaps the greatest benefits of industrialization are increased material well-being and improved healthcare for many people in industrial societies. Modern industrial life also provides a constantly changing flood of new goods and services, giving consumers more choices. With both its negative aspects and its benefits, the Industrial Revolution has been one of the most influential and far-reaching movements in human history. Great Britain Leads the Way The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because social, political, and legal conditions there were particularly favorable to change. Property rights, such as those for patents on mechanical improvements, were well established. More importantly, the predictable, stable rule of law in Britain meant that monarchs and aristocrats were less likely to arbitrarily seize earnings or impose taxes than they were in many other countries. As a result, earnings were safer, and ambitious businesspeople could gain wealth, social prestige, and power more easily than could people on the European continent. These factors encouraged risk taking and investment in new business ventures, both crucial to economic growth. In addition, Great Britain’s government pursued a relatively hands-off economic policy. The hands-off policy permitted fresh methods and ideas to flourish with little interference or regulation. The economic successes of the British soon led other nations to try to follow the same path. In northern Europe, mechanics and investors in France, Belgium, Holland, and some of the German states set out to imitate Britain’s successful example. 5. Choose the correct ending A, B or C. 1. Today mechanized production and modern economic growth a) stopped their advancement because of the world's recession. b) continue to spread to new areas of the world. c) only continue to spread in developing countries. 2. The first and the greatest changes were a) in the economic policy. b) in the standard of living. c) in the manner of production. 3. Economic changes are closely associated with social changes because a) they never give new ways of doing business. b) they provoke changes in the standard of living. c) people leave cities for villages. 4. The application of machinery and science to agriculture a) enriches the natural environment and increases in the number of flora and fauna. b) greatly improved habitat for animals and plants. c) has both pros and cons as well as other aspects of the industrial revolution. 5. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because a) the authorities could arbitrarily seize earnings or impose heavy taxes. b) the country enjoyed the most favorable conditions for changes. c) ambitious businesspeople could lose wealth, social prestige, and power more easily than people on the European continent could. 6. Answer the questions on the text Part 1. 1) Can you give the definition of «the Industrial Revolution»? Why is it called «a revolution»? 2) When and where did it begin? What was the major prerequisite for the revolution to start? 3) What economic changes did the Industrial Revolution bring? What about social ones? 4) How can you evaluate the effect of the Industrial Revolution in general? 5) Were there any disadvantages in that process? Who suffered more? 6) What was the influence on the nature (environment)? Were there any positive aspects? 7. Look at the highlighted verbs in Text A. What do you think they mean in this context? Check with your dictionary and match the verbs (1-13) from the text in Activity 2 to the definitions (a-m). There are some synonyms, find them. А 1) To spread; 2) to enhance; 3) to overturn; 4) to expand; 5) to reap; 6) to suffer; 7) to contribute; 8) to increase; 9) to seize; 10) to impose; 11) to pursue; 12) to permit; 13) to flourish. В a) To get something as a result of what they have done; b) establish or apply by authority; c) to become progressively greater ( in size, amount, number, or intensity); d) to help to make something happen; e) to develop well and to be successful; f) to cover or exist across a large area; g) to allow something to happen, especially by an official decision, rule, or law; h) to sustain loss or to damage; i) to increase or to improve something and to make it more successful; j) to turn upside down or fall over on its side; k) to become larger in size, number, or amount; l) to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long period of time; m) to take hold of something suddenly and violently. 8. Use these verbs from Activity 7 in the correct forms to complete the sentences. Initial letters will help you. 1. Many players have c ___________ to the team's success. 2. The truck went off the road and o ___________ several times. 3. The company is looking to e_________ its earnings potential. 4. She wants to p__________ a legal career. 5. He suddenly s__________ the lead in the final lap of the race. 6. Small businesses have s__________ financially during the recession. 7. The fashion quickly s________ from France to England. 8. She i__________ her wealth substantially. 9. She is now r__________ the benefits of her hard work. 10. The court can i____________ a fine. 11. He has e_________ his business to serve the entire state. 12. Regional markets have f___________ in recent years. 13. Smoking is only p___________ in the public lounge. 9. Guess the meaning of the following words and pronounce them correctly. Analyze suffixes and determine the parts of speech where it is possible. Association, colony, globe, initial, pioneering, ineffective, local, processes, manufacturing, to transform, productive, to produce, efficiently, convert, stage, to concentrate, production, technological, transportation, communication, chemicals, electrical, machinery, innovation, economic, automobile, to combine, decade, signaled. 10. Word formation. Give as many cognate words as possible and translate them into Russian. Produce, economy, mechanic, industrial, transport, machine, effect. 11. Where do you think the second Industrial Revolution started? Why? Does your partner agree with you? 12. Read Part 2 of Text A and check your answers in Activity 11. Part 2 The Industrial Revolution in the United States The Industrial Revolution unfolded in the United States even more vigorously than it had in Great Britain. The young nation began as a weak, loose association of former colonies with a traditional economy. Americans soon enjoyed striking success in mechanization, however. By the end of the century, the United States was the world leader in manufacturing, unfolding what became known as the Second Industrial Revolution. The American economy had emerged as the largest and most productive on the globe. One initial American advantage was the fact that the United States shared the language and much of the culture of Great Britain, the pioneering industrial nation. This helped Americans transfer technology to the United States. Critical to furthering industrialization in the United States were machines and knowledgeable people. Although the British tried to prevent skilled mechanics from leaving Britain and advanced machines from being exported, those efforts mostly proved ineffective. Americans worked actively to encourage such transfers, even offering bounties (special monetary rewards) to encourage people with knowledge of the latest methods and devices to move to the United States. Soon the United States was pioneering on its own. Because local circumstances and conditions in the United States were somewhat different than those in Britain, industrialization also developed somewhat differently. As American manufacturing technology spread to new industries, it ushered in what many have called the Second Industrial Revolution. In the latter 19th century, a second wave of technical and organizational advances carried industrial society to new levels. While Great Britain had been the birthplace of the first revolution, the second occurred most powerfully in the United States. With the second revolution many new processes came. Iron and steel manufacturing was transformed in the 1850s and 1860s by vastly more productive technologies, the Bessemer process and the open-hearth furnace. The Bessemer process, developed by British inventor Henry Bessemer, enabled steel to be produced more efficiently by using blasts of air to convert crude iron into steel. In addition, factories and their production output became much larger than they had been in the first stage of the Industrial Revolution. Some industries concentrated production in fewer but bigger and more productive facilities. Some industries boosted production in existing (not necessarily larger) factories. This growth was enabled by a variety of factors, including technological and scientific progress; improved management; and expanding markets due to larger populations, rising incomes, and better transportation and communications. Soon there were enormous advances in science-based industries – for example, chemicals, electrical power, and electrical machinery. Just as in the first revolution, these changes prompted further innovations, which led to further economic growth. It was in the automobile industry that continuous-process methods and the American system combined to greatest effect that in the second decade of the 20th century signaled the crest of the new industrial age. 13. Match the sentence beginnings and endings . 1) The Industrial Revolution unfolded in the United States even more vigorously than it had in Great Britain due to encouraging people with knowledge of the latest methods and devices to move to the United States. prevention skilled mechanics from leaving Britain and advanced machines from being exported. the fact that the young nation began as a weak, loose association of former colonies with a traditional economy. 2) Changes in the USA were called the Second Industrial Revolution because local circumstances and conditions in the United States were somewhat different than those in Britain. American manufacturing technology spread to new industries. common language and much of the culture of Great Britain helped Americans transfer technology to the United States. 3) Some industries boosted production owing to technological and scientific progress, improved management, expanding markets and enormous advances in science-based industries. factories and their production output were imposed much heavier taxes than they had in the first stage of the Industrial Revolution. cheaper labor force prompted further innovations, which led to further economic growth. 14. Answer the questions on the text Part 2. 1) How can you explain the phenomenon that American economy became the largest and most productive on the globe? 2) Why are changes in the USA called «the Second Industrial Revolution»? 15. Make 5 more questions on Part 2 and ask your partner. 16. Match the highlighted words in Part 2 with the definitions below. a) To make something more likely to exist, happen, or develop. b) To open out gradually to the view or understanding, to become known. c) To be increased or improved in value, quality, desirability, or attractiveness. d) To happen or exist in a particular place or situation. e) To appear or come out from somewhere. f) To cause something new to start, or to be at the start of something new. g) To stop someone from doing something. 17. In pairs, make a list of advantages and disadvantages of the Industrial Revolution. Report to the rest of the class about the results of your work. Do your groupmates agree with you? 18. Work in small groups and discuss the following questions: 1) What do you know about the Industrial Revolution in Russia? What peculiarities did it have? 3) Do you know any countries where the Industrial Revolution has just begun? 4) What countries have never experienced the Industrial Revolution? 5) What is your prognosis about the third Industrial Revolution? 6) What other kinds of revolutions do you know? What did they result in? 7) Imagine there was no Industrial Revolution in the world. Describe your life in those conditions. Be ready to present the general idea of your group to the rest of the class. UNIT III. MANUFACTURING 1. Work in pairs and speak on the questions. Agree or disagree with your partner. 1) What is the difference between an automated system and manual labour? 2) Are the products made on an assembly line cheaper than the same built on an individual basis? Can you explain why? 3) What do you understand bymanufacturing? 4) How old is manufacturing? 5) Is mass production a benefit or a drawback of modern industry? Why? 2. Guess the meaning of these words and try to pronounce them correctly. Modern, material, operation, process, combination, product, airplane, fuselage, component, gasoline, kerosene, plastics, pesticides, ingredient, method, tariff, control, civilization, bronze, textile, silk, stimulate, cotton, system, idea, standard, station, type, generator, automobile, motor, steel, element, transmission, chassis, structure, refrigerator. 3. Work in pairs and discuss which items belong to the manufacturing: a) History of Manufacturing b) Types of Manufacturing c) Mass Production Manufacturing d) Food production e) Iron and Steel Manufacturing f) Cattle raising g) Automobile Manufacturing h) Service industry i) Transportation j) Petrochemical Industry 4. Read Text A and find out which of the items in Activity 3 are described in the text. Text A Manufacturing is producing goods that are necessary for modern life. The word manufacture comes from the Latin manus (hand) and facere (to make). Originally manufacturing was accomplished by hand, but most of today's modern manufacturing operations are highly mechanized and automated. There are three main processes involved in manufacturing: assembly, extraction, and alteration. Assembly is the combination of parts to make a product. For example, an airplane is assembled when a manufacturer puts together the engines, wings, and fuselage. Extraction is the process of removing one or more components from raw materials, such as obtaining gasoline from crude oil. Alteration is modifying or molding raw materials into a final product – for example, sawing trees into lumber. Science and engineering are required to develop new products and to create new manufacturing methods, but there are other factors involved in the manufacturing process. Legal matters, such as obtaining operating permits and meeting industrial safety standards, must be adhered to. Economic considerations, such as competition, worldwide markets, and tariffs, control to some degree what prices are set for manufactured goods and what inventories are needed. The automobile was the first major manufactured item built by a mass production system using cost-effective assembly line techniques. Today, before an automobile reaches its final assembly point, subsystems, such as the engine, transmission, electrical components, and chassis, are fabricated from raw materials in other specialized facilities. The metallic automobile body parts are stamped and welded together by robots into a unibody, or one-piece, construction. During the final assembly, conveyor systems direct all of the components to stations along the production route. Petrochemicals are manufactured from naturally occurring crude oils and gases. Once removed from the earth, the crude oil is refined into gasoline, heating oil, kerosene, plastics, textile fibers, coatings, adhesives, drugs, pesticides, and fertilizers. Crude oil contains thousands of natural organic chemicals. These are separated by distilling, or boiling off, the compounds at different temperatures. Simple plastic materials, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, are manufactured by first heating ethane and propane gases and then rapidly cooling them to alter their chemical structure. Iron manufacturing originated about 3500 years ago when iron ore was accidentally heated in the presence of charcoal. The oxygen-laden ore was reduced to a product similar to modern wrought iron. Today, iron is made from ore in blast furnaces. Oxygen and other elements are removed when the ore is mixed with coke (a material that contains mostly carbon) and limestone and is then blasted by hot air. The gases formed by the burning materials combine with the oxygen in the ore and reduce the ore to iron. This molten iron still contains many impurities, however. Steel is manufactured by first removing these impurities and then adding elements, predominantly carbon, in a controlled manner. Strong steels contain up to 2 percent carbon. The steel is then shaped into bars, plates, sheets, and such structural components as girders . Manufacturing processes can produce either durable or nondurable goods. Durable goods are products that exist for long periods of time without significant deterioration, such as automobiles, airplanes, and refrigerators. Nondurable goods are items that have a comparatively limited life span, such as clothing, food, and paper. 5. Entitle the parts of Text A. You can use some items in Activity 3. 6. Read the first three paragraphs of the text and decide if these statements are True or False. 1) The word «manufacture» is of Greek origin. 2) Most of modern manufacturing operations are highly mechanized and automated. 3) Extraction is the process of removing one or more components from raw materials. 4) Assembly is modifying or molding raw materials into a final product. 5) Alteration is the combination of parts to make a product. 6) Economic considerations such as competition, worldwide markets and tariffs are not needed for effective manufacturing. 7. Answer the following questions on Text A. 1) How is manufacturing often defined? 2) How many processes are involved in manufacturing? What are they? 3) Name the factors involved in the manufacturing process. 4) What is necessary for developing new products and manufacturing methods? 5) Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin? What did it bring about? 6) What contribution did Eli Whitney make to factory system? 7) Why are interchangeable parts so important for production goods? 8) When was a conveyer belt first introduced to an assembly line? Who was it introduced by? 9) When did iron manufacturing originate? How is iron made nowadays? 10) What kind of goods can be produced by manufacturing processes? 8. Find these words and word combinations in Text A. Can you guess their meaning through the context? Translate the sentences into Russian. To manufacture (to produce), to accomplish, to involve, to assemble, assembly, to convey, extraction, alteration, to remove, to require, to release, to reduce, to obtain, to develop, to adhere to, competition, to occur, durable goods, non-durable goods, discrete. 9. Find the derivates from the verbs in Text A. Translate them into Russian. To produce, to operate, to mechanize, to assemble, to alter, to combine, to develop, to create, to consider, to compete, to modify, to invent, to contribute, to construct, to transmit, to provide, to treat, to reduce, to require, to extract. 10. Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right.
11. Choose the correct word. 1) Three main processes are involved / developed in manufacturing. 2) Extraction is the process of releasing / removing one or more components from raw materials. 3) Factories were built to produce / to accomplish gunpowder, clothing, cast iron, and paper. 4) Robots assemble and remove / stamp and weld the metallic automobile body parts together into a unibody. 5) This molten iron contains / obtains many impurities. 6) Durable goods are products that exist for long periods of time without additional processing / significant deterioration. 7) Henry Ford and his colleagues were the first to involve / introduce a conveyer belt to an assembly line for flywheel magnetos. 8) The cotton gin increased / decreased production. 9) The assembly line enabled a product to be manufactured / processed in discrete stages. 12. Arrange the words from A to the words from B in pairs of synonyms. A. To assemble, to manage, modern, to arrange, production, to require, to produce, to change, product, to replace, to propose, to extract, to accomplish, mill. B. Manufacturing, up-to-date, to put together, to demand, goods, to control, to put in order, to fabricate, to alter, to substitute, factory, to suggest, to remove, to complete. 13. Make 5 sentences using the vocabulary in Activities 10 and 12. Ask your partner to translate them into Russian. 14. Complete the sentences with prepositions: at, by, from, of, to, with. 1) Originally manufacturing was accomplished … hand. 2) Extraction is the process removing one or more components … raw materials. 3) Eli Whitney made another contribution … the factory system in 1798 … proposing the idea … interchangeable parts. 4) The automobile was the first major manufactured item built … a mass production system using cost-effective assembly line techniques. 5) Petrochemicals are manufactured … naturally occurring crude oils and gases. 6) Oxygen and other elements are removed when the ore is mixed … coke and limestone and then blasted … hot air. 7) The first airplanes were constructed … wood and fabrics, modern airplanes are built … aluminium alloys, titanium, plastics and advanced composite materials. 8) Rigid quality- control standards … every step ensure that the completed vehicle is safe and built … specifications. 15. Write a brief summary of the text using the active vocabulary of the lesson and the speech patterns: 1) The text under the headline…deals with… 2) As the title implies the text describes… 3) It is noted that… 4) According to the text it becomes clear that… 5) This text gives a detailed information on… 16. Read Text B, entitle it. Text B Manufacturing has existed as long as civilizations have required goods: bricks to build the Mesopotamian city of Erech (Uruk), clay pots to store grain in ancient Greece, or bronze weapons for the Roman Empire. In the Middle Ages, silk factories operated in Syria, and textile mills were established in Italy, Belgium, France, and England. New routes discovered from Europe to the Far East and to the New World during the Renaissance (14th century to 17th century) stimulated demand for manufactured goods to trade. Factories were built to produce gunpowder, clothing, cast iron, and paper. The manufacturing of these goods was primarily done by hand labor, simple tools, and, rarely, by machines powered by water. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the middle of the 18th century when the first modern factories appeared, primarily for the production of textiles. Machines, to varying degrees, began to replace the workforce in these modern factories. The cotton gin, created by the American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793, mechanically removed cotton fibers from the seed and increased production. In addition to inventing the cotton gin, Eli Whitney made another contribution to the factory system in 1798 by proposing the idea of interchangeable parts. Interchangeable parts make it possible to produce goods quickly because repairs and assembly can be done with previously manufactured, standard parts rather than with costly custom-made ones. This idea led to the development of the assembly line, where a product is manufactured in discrete stages. When one stage is complete, the product is passed to another station where the next stage of production is accomplished. In 1913 the American industrialist Henry Ford and his colleagues first introduced a conveyer belt to an assembly line for flywheel magnetos, a type of simple electric generator, more than tripling production. The assembly line driven by a conveyor belt was then implemented to manufacture the automobile body and motors. 17. Answer the questions on Text B. 1) Where and when did the Industrial Revolution begin? 2) What did it bring about? 3) What contribution did Eli Whitney make to factory system? 18. Make 5 more questions on Text B and ask your partner. 19. Translate the sentences paying attention to the predicates in the Passive Voice. 1) When one stage is complete, the product is passed to another station where the next stage of production is accomplished. 2) An airplane is assembled when the manufacturer puts together the engines, wings and fuselage. 3) The assembly line driven by a conveyor belt was then implemented to manufacture the automobile body and motors. 4) Today iron is made from ore in blast furnaces. 4) Steel is manufactured by first removing the impurities and then adding elements, predominantly carbon, in a controlled manner. 5) Oxygen and other elements are removed when the ore is mixed with coke and limestone and then blasted by hot air. 7) Once removed from the earth, the crude oil is refined into gasoline, heating oil, kerosene, plastics, textile fibers, coatings, drugs, pesticides and fertilizers. 8) Science and engineering are required to develop new products and to create new manufacturing methods. 9) The steel is then shaped into bars, plates, sheets and such structural components as girders. 10) The metallic automobile body parts are welded together by robots into a unibody or one-piece construction. 20. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1) What do you know about the modern level of industry development in the world? 2) How is manufacturing connected with economy of a country? 3) What country is the leader in this sector of economy? 21. Every year The Manufacturing Institute in partnership with National Institute of Standards and Technology edits a review of Modern Manufacturing in the USA. Here is the extract from their report about its level in 2009. Read Text C and check your answers to the questions in Activity 20. Text C Manufacturing plays a vital role in the U.S. economy. The United States still has the largest manufacturing sector in the world, and its market share (around 20 percent) has held steady for 30 years. One in six private sector jobs is still in or directly tied to manufacturing. Moreover, productivity growth is higher in manufacturing than in other sectors of the economy. Due largely to outstanding productivity growth, the prices of manufactured goods have declined since 1995 in contrast to inflation in most other sectors, with the result that manufacturers are contributing to a higher standard of living for U.S. consumers. Manufacturing still pays premium wages and benefits, and supports much more economic activity per dollar of production than other sectors. Another major indicator of the importance of manufacturing to the strength of the economy is its key role in driving innovation and technology. These are crucial components of a productivity-driven, global competitiveness agenda, and also help explain the steady rise in our standard of living. U.S. manufacturing accounts for 35 percent of value added in all of the world’s high technology production, and enjoys a trade surplus in revenues from royalties from production processes and technology. U.S. inventors still account for more than one half of all patents granted in the United States, and the nation outpaces its rivals in terms of industrial research and development. Technology has aided U.S. manufacturers to use less energy per or dollar of production and to lead all other sectors in reducing CO2 emissions in the last two decades. Finally, the technology and advanced processes developed in manufacturing consistently spill over into productivity growth in the service and agriculture sectors. For this reason, it is important to consider innovation in terms of processes as well as technologies. U.S. manufacturing is much more engaged than other sectors in global trade. Fifty-seven percent of all U.S. exports are in manufactured goods. Many foreign U.S. Manufacturing: An Industry in Transition firms also use the United States as an export platform as well as an entry point to its domestic economy. Over $350 billion in goods exports in 2007 were sourced from American affiliates of foreign firms. The application of modern management practices and cutting-edge technology has steadily improved safety in the workplace. The Facts clearly illustrate that U.S. manufacturing plays a critical role in our economic future. Still, that future is not without its challenges. Rising external costs faced by U.S. manufacturers represent a fundamental challenge in a global, interconnected and competitive marketplace. Corporate tax rates continue to be a critical concern for manufacturing cost competitiveness. The U.S. corporate tax rate has been essentially unchanged for the past two decades, while all of our major competitors have been lowering theirs. Rising health care costs remain one of the most challenging pressures for manufacturers. U.S. industry is faced with the highest pollution abatement costs compared to its major trading partners – even higher than the so-called «green economies» of Western Europe. Many analysts have noted that the United States is not producing enough numerate workers, much less the more highly skilled engineers and scientific researchers required to be the foundation of advanced, technology – intensive manufacturing. The realities of this assertion are at least partly borne out by international comparisons of skill levels in K-12 education and at the higher levels of university level training. There has been some growth in the number of PhDs granted in computer and physical sciences, but international comparisons still do not favor the United States in relative terms. Additionally, over 52 percent of these computer science and over 58 percent of engineering degrees were granted to foreign students in 2005, and studies show that more and more of these foreign students are returning home – to China, India, Korea – to build their careers. The Facts thus present a picture of the current state of U.S. manufacturing, but also suggests we need to pay attention to key areas that support manufacturing competitiveness. 22. Answer the questions on Text C. 1) Is the growth in the economy of the USA real in the last 10 years? 2) What place do the inventors take in the US economy? 3) What challenges does the American industry face? 23. Work in small groups and discuss the issues. 1) What products are manufactured in your region? Are they of good quality? 2) Do you think the products made in your area better or worse than those made in the neighboring area? Name these products. 3) Mass production methods will continue to develop. What are your predictions for the next twenty years? Report the general idea of the group to the class. UNIT IV. SAFETY 1. Work in small groups and speak on the questions. 1) Have you seen any signs in a workshop? 2) Can you describe them? 3) What do they say? 4) Is it important to follow them? Why? 2. Do you know the signs that mean the following? a) You mustn't smoke here. b) The floor might be wet. c) You must wear goggles in that area to protect your eyes. Can you draw them? If not, find them in the Internet. 3. These are some warnings. What places do they refer to: the finished goods area, factory, workshop, warestore? 1) It's quite a hazardous environment so you need to take care. By the way, you should put your ear plugs in when we go down. It's not compulsory but some of the machines are a bit noisy. 2) Mind out. / Watch out. Don't get too close. It's very hot. We don't want you to burn yourself. And please be careful when you walk across the floor. It might be slippery. 3) Mind you don't trip when you go past the packing area. Someone has left some wooden pallets on the floor. And be careful when you walk across the warehouse. There might be a fork-lift truck reversing into the storage area. 4) I realize some of you are already familiar with the safety procedures for this type of machine but I'll just explain some of the basics again. First of all, make sure you know how to stop the machine before you start it. That seems obvious but it's important. 5) Now on this machines always check that all the safety guards are fitted correctly before you operate the machine because if you don't, someone might have a bad accident. What else? Oh yes, never try to clean a machine that's in motion. Switch it off and unplug it. 4. Match the highlighted words in Activity 3 with the definitions below. 1) To be so wet or smooth that a man could fall down. 2) To protect the ears with a special item. 3) Dangerous to people’s health of safety. 4) To disconnect an electric motor from the electricity supply. 5) To run, go fast. 6) Packed goods. 7) Be careful. 8) To check. 9) Protection is in order. 10) To know and follow the safety rules. Write down the vocabulary and memorize it. 5. Study the sentences in Activity 3. Find out: a) dangerous places; b) dangerous objects; c) what is desirable to do; d) what is forbidden to do; e) what you are obliged to do. 6. Work in small groups. Tell about your laboratory taking into account points in Activity 5. 7. Read the title of Text A. What do you think can be the answer to the question? 8. Read Text A Part 1. Would you add anything to the list of the duties? Text A. WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY? |