Английский язык. Учебное пособие по развитию навыков устной речи и чтения для магистрантов технических специальностей
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28. Work in pairs. Which of the recommendations in Text B are suitable for cars and which of them fit for bicycles? 29. Work in small groups. Discuss the questions. 1) Have you got a car? 2) Does a driver need to follow any safety advice? 3) What advice is of vital importance? 4) There is active and passive vehicle safety. What is the difference? 30. Read the following information and make the information to the question 4 in Activity 29 more exact. The passive vehicle safety programme has set new standards for passive vehicle safety in Europe and America. Its aim is to provide the customer with an opportunity to compare passive vehicle safety in different car models. Just so that everyone's clear about the terminology, when I say passive vehicle safety, I mean those features used if an accident happens. Features which are used to avoid an accident are referred to as active vehicle safety. 31. Put the safety feature into the correct column.
ABS, adaptive cruise control, crumple zone, highly rigid roof, automatic emergency braking, seat belt, airbags, Electronic Stability Program (ESP), retractable steering wheel, shatterproof windscreen, xenon headlights, lane departure warning system. 32. Work with a partner. Choose a safety feature and prepare a five-minute presentation explaining how your feature works, if you have Internet access, you can visit websites like www.howstuffworks.com to help you. Give your presentation to the class. UNIT V. INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 1. Work in pairs or small groups and discuss the following issues. 1) Intensive industrialization threatens nature. Do you agree this is a major problem of modern civilization? 2) What are the sources of environmental pollution? 3) What is the real harm? 4) What are the world's worst polluted places in your opinion? 2. Form nouns from the verbs, translate them into Russian: To develop, to define, to interact, to assess, to promote, to provide, to transform, to prevent, to apply, to produce, to supply, to manage, to pollute, to require, to process, to maintain, to introduce. 3. State the part of speech, say how the words are formed, translate them into Russian: Industrial, generally, different, ecological, environmental, heavily, efficient, inefficient, sustainable, primarily, technological, potentially, social, economic, political, scientific, literally, regional, national, global, consequently, renewable, nonrenewable, efficiently, meaningful, various, creative, concurrently. 4. There is a large number of types of environmental pollution. Work in pairs and discuss their sources. Work out the order of their importance. a) Air pollution, b) light pollution, c) littering, d) noise pollution, e) soil contamination, f) radioactive contamination, g) thermal pollution, h) visual pollution, i) water pollution. 5. Match the types of pollution in Activity 2 with their definitions below. 1) Light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference. 2) Roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar. 3) The criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties. 4) The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. 5) The contamination that occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. 6) A temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant. 7) The contamination, resulting from nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. 8) The discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters. 9) Pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris. 6. Read Text A. What types of environmental pollution are mentioned here? Text A Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues an annual list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia. It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal and other fossil fuels gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing. The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment. Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures. It also comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources. However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining, agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation. Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry), metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides. About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium-found in rechargeable batteries, and lead-found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), zinc, arsenic and benzene. In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide. Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. 7. Answer the following questions on Text A. 1) What is the pollution? 2) What gave birth to environmental pollution? 3) What are the sources of air pollution? 4) Why is natural disaster hazardous for the environment? Make 5 more questions to Text A and ask them to your partner. 8. Match the highlighted words in the text with the definitions and synonyms below. a) Environmental contamination; b) the components of pollution; c) to bring about; d) harm; e) influence; f) dangerous; g) to produce; h) effect; i) an amount of gas, heat, light, etc. that is sent out; j) to influence; k) refuse. 9. Make 5 sentences using the vocabulary in Activity 8. Ask your partner to translate them into Russian. 10. Work in small groups. Discuss the statement: «The solution to pollution is dilution». What do you think it means? Do you agree? 11. Read Text B. Is the information in the text close to your opinion? Text B. REGULATION AND MONITORING «The solution to pollution is dilution», is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful. It is well-suited to some other modern, locally scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure and hazardous material release emergency management. But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases. To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff. 12. Choose the best answers. 1. «The solution to pollution is dilution», is a dictum which a) is considered in some industrial enterprises. b) is usually thought about the environmental problem. c) is barely to fulfill. 2. To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, a) many countries made laws to regulate various types of pollution. b) the government forbade industrial emissions. c) most countries did nothing. 3. Pollution control means a) the monitoring the industrial enterprises. b) the total prohibition for harmful emissions into the environment. c) the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. 13. Project. Work in pairs. Do you know any more efficient ways to solve the problem of environmental pollution? Work out a list of the ways. Be ready to present the list and explain your ideas. 14. Write a brief summary of Text A and Text B using the active vocabulary of the lesson and the speech patterns: 1) The texts …deal with… 2) The texts describe… 3) It is noted that… 4) According to the texts it becomes clear that… 5) This texts give a detailed information on… 6) In the end we come to the conclusion that … 15. Work in pairs and agree or disagree with the statements. 1) There are a few definitions of industrial ecology and all of them are generally accepted. 2) Industrial ecology has the closest relationship with applied and social ecology. 3) Applied ecology integrates the study of human and natural ecosystems through understanding the interrelationships of culture and nature. 4) Industrial ecology should promote the sustainable use of renewable resources and minimal use of non-renewable ones. 5) Human beings are the only component in a complex web of ecological interactions and their activities can be separated from the functioning of the entire system. 16. Read Text C and decide if these statements in Activity 15 are True or False. Text C Industrial ecology is rooted in systems analysis and is a higher level systems approach to framing the interaction between industrial systems and natural systems. The word ecology is derived from the Greek oikos, meaning «household», combined with the root logy, meaning «the study of». Thus, ecology is, literally the study of households including the plants, animals, microbes, and people that live together as interdependent beings on Spaceship Earth, as already the environmental house within which we place our human-made structures and operate our machines provides most of our vital biological necessities; hence we can think of ecology as the study of the earth’s life-support systems. In industrial ecology, one focus (or object) of study is the interrelationships among firms, as well as among their products and processes, at the local, regional, national, and global system levels. Industrial ecology perhaps has the closest relationship with applied ecology and social ecology. According to the Journal of Applied Ecology, applied ecology is: application of ecological ideas, theories and methods to the use of biological resources in the widest sense. It is concerned with the ecological principles underlying the management, control, and development of biological resources for agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, nature conservation, wildlife and game management, leisure activities, and the ecological effects of biotechnology. The Institute of Social Ecology’s definition of social ecology states that: Social ecology integrates the study of human and natural ecosystems through understanding the interrelationships of culture and nature. Ecologycan be broadly defined as the study of the interactions between the abiotic and the biotic components of a system. Industrialecology is the study of the interactions between industrial and ecological systems; consequently, it addresses the environmental effects on both the abiotic and biotic components of the ecosphere. The primary goal of industrial ecology is to promote sustainable development at the global, regional, and local levels. Key principles inherent to sustainable development include: the sustainable use of resources, preserving ecological and human health (e.g. the maintenance of the structure and function of ecosystems), and the promotion of environmental equity. Industrial ecology should promote the sustainable use of renewable resources and minimal use of nonrenewable ones. Industrial activity is dependent on a steady supply of resources and thus should operate as efficiently as possible. Human beings are only one component in a complex web of ecological interactions: their activities cannot be separated from the functioning of the entire system. Because human health is dependent on the health of the other components of the ecosystem, ecosystem structure and function should be a focus of industrial ecology. It is important that industrial activities do not cause catastrophic disruptions to ecosystems or slowly degrade their structure and function, jeopardizing the planet’s life support system. A primary concept of industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows and their transformation into products, byproducts, and wastes throughout industrial systems. Efforts to utilize waste as a material input or energy source for some other entity within the industrial system can potentially improve the overall efficiency of the industrial system and reduce negative environmental impacts. The challenge of industrial ecology is to reduce the overall environmental burden of an industrial system that provides some service to society. 17. Answer the following questions on the text. 1) What is industrial ecology rooted in and who developed the concept of industrial ecosystems? 2) What is the origin of the word «ecology»? 3) What is the focus of study of industrial ecology? 4) Industrial ecology is connected with applied and social ecology, isn’t it? 5) What is the primary goal of industrial ecology? What are its key principles? 6) Can human activities be separated from the functioning of the entire system? 7) What is human health dependent on? 8) What is a primary concept of industrial ecology and its challenge? 9) What should be done to improve the overall efficiency of the industrial system? 18. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.
19. Complete the sentences with prepositions: at, in, of, on, to, with. 1) Industrial ecology focuses … integrating industrial systems into natural systems. 2) Ecology is concerned … the relationships between organisms and their past, present and future environments. 3) We can think … ecology as the study of the earth life – support systems. 4) The primary goal of industrial ecology is to promote sustainable development … the global, regional and local levels. 5) Industrial activity is dependent … a steady supply of resources. 6) One should identify inefficient products and processes that result … industrial waste and pollution, as well as determine steps to reduce them. 7) Everyone should contribute … improving the ecological situation in their country. 20. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to ing-forms. 1) By tracing material and energy flows one could identify inefficient products and processes that result in industrial waste and pollution. 2) Activities at other levels include tracing the flow of heavy metals through the ecosphere. 3) Social ecology integrates the study of human and natural ecosystems through understanding the interrelationships of culture and nature. 4) Some authors believe that changing industrial systems will also require changes in human behavior and social patterns. 5) A basic understanding of ecology is useful in understanding and promoting industrial ecology, which draws on many ecological concepts. 6) Key principles inherent to sustainable development include the sustainable use of resources, preserving ecological and human health and the promotion of environmental equity. 7) Depleting natural resources and degrading ecological health in order to meet short-term objectives can endanger the ability of future generations to meet their needs. 8) Ecology is the study of households including the plants, animals, microbes, and people that live together as interdependent beings on Spaceship Earth. 21. Translate into Russian paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive. 1) Current research in environmental education attempts to integrate pollution prevention, sustainable development and other concepts and strategies into the curriculum. 2) Additional work needs to be done to designate industrial ecology’s place in the field of ecology. 3) The primary goal of industrial ecology is to promote sustainable development at the global, regional and local levels. 4) Depletion of nonrenewables and degradation of renewable must be minimized in order for industrial activity to be sustainable in the long term. 5) A systems view enables manufacturers to develop products in a sustainable fashion. 6) One strategy of industrial ecology is to lessen the amount of waste material and waste energy that is produced and that leaves the industrial system. 7) Efforts to utilize waste as a material input or energy source for some other entity within the industrial system can potentially improve the overall efficiency of the industrial system and reduce negative environmental impacts. 22. There are many approaches to the definition in science. Do you know the definition of industrial ecology? Read Text D and check yourselves. Text D In 1989 Robert Frosch and Nicholas Gallopoulos developed the concept of industrial ecosystems, which led to the term industrial ecology. Their ideal industrial ecosystem would function as «an analogue» of its biological counterparts. This metaphor between industrial and natural ecosystems is fundamental to industrial ecology. In an industrial ecosystem, the waste produced by one company would be used as resources by another. No waste would leave the industrial system or negatively impact natural systems. The term «Industrial Ecology» implies a relationship to the field of ecology. A basic understanding of ecology is useful in understanding and promoting industrial ecology, which draws on many ecological concepts. Ecology has been defined by the Ecological Society of America (1993) as the scientific discipline that is concerned with the relationships between organisms and their past, present, and future environments. These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems. There is still no single definition of industrial ecology that is generally accepted. However, most definitions comprise similar attributes with different emphases. These attributes include the following: • a systems view of the interactions between industrial and ecological systems • the study of material and energy flows and transformations • a multidisciplinary approach • an orientation toward the future • a change from linear (open) processes to cyclical (closed) processes, so the waste from one industry is used as an input for another • an effort to reduce the industrial systems’ environmental impacts on ecological systems • an emphasis on harmoniously integrating industrial activity into ecological systems • the idea of making industrial systems emulate more efficient and sustainable natural systems. 23. What can be the appropriate title to Text D? Explain your idea. 24. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following issues, then report the general idea of the group to the class. 1) Intensive industrialization threatens nature. It’s a major problem of modern civilization. 2) Is industrial ecology focusing on integrating industrial system into natural systems or is it primarily attempting to emulate ecological systems? 3) Some authors believe that changing industrial systems will also require changes in human behavior and social patterns. What balance between behavioral changes and technological changes is appropriate? 4) The ecological situation in Russia is worsening from year to year, isn’t it? What should be done to stop the process? 5) Our seas and rivers are in danger. They are filled with industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. What is done in our region to prevent the pollution of the Volga? UNIT VI. RECYCLING 1. Work in pairs and speak on the questions. Agree or disagree with your partner. 1) Can you give the definition of the notion «recycling»? 2) What materials can be recycled? Why is it necessary? 3) Are there any disadvantages of this process? 2. Work in pairs and discuss which of the materials are necessary / profitable to recycle: aluminum, ceramics, plastics, glass, textile, steel, paper, chemicals, wood, nuclear waste. Put the item in the order of their importance. 3. Read Text A and check if the author of the text thinks the same. Text A. TYPES OF MATERIALS RECYCLED Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products. Recycling can be done internally (within a company) or externally (after a product is sold and used). Since the recovered material never left the manufacturing plant, the final product is said to contain preconsumer waste. External recycling occurs when materials used by the customer are returned for processing into new products. Materials ready to be recycled in this manner, such as empty beverage containers, are called postconsumer waste. Just about any material can be recycled. On an industrial scale, the most commonly recycled materials are those that are used in large quantities. Steel. There are two methods of making steel using recycled material: the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) method and the electric arc furnace (EAF) method. The BOF method involves mixing molten scrap steel in a furnace with new steel. Steel made by the BOF method typically is used to make sheet-steel products like cans, automobiles, and appliances. The EAF means that scrap steel is placed in a furnace and melted by electricity that arcs between two carbon electrodes. Limestone and other materials are added to the molten steel to remove impurities. Steel produced by the EAF method usually is formed into beams, reinforcing bars, and thick plate. Aluminum. Recycling aluminum provides a stable, domestic aluminum supply. Aluminum cans almost always produce a profit in community recycling programs. Cans brought to collection centers are crushed, baled, and shipped to regional mills or reclamation plants. The cans are then shredded to reduce volume and heated to remove coatings and moisture. Next, they are put into a furnace, melted, and formed into ingots, or bars. The ingots go to another mill to be rolled into sheets. The sheets are sent to a container plant and cut into disks from which new cans are formed. Plastics. Plastics are more difficult to recycle than metal, paper, or glass. One problem is that any of seven categories of plastics can be used for containers alone. For effective recycling, the different types cannot be mixed. The recycling process for plastic normally involves cleaning it, shredding it into flakes, then melting the flakes into pellets. The pellets are melted into a final product. Paper and Paper Products. Paper products that include cardboard containers, wrapping paper, office paper and newsprint can be recycled. In newspaper recycling, old newspapers are collected and searched for contaminants such as plastic bags and aluminum foil. The paper goes to a processing plant where it is mixed with hot water and turned into pulp in a machine that works much like a big kitchen blender. The pulp then goes to a large vat where the ink separates from the paper fibers and floats to the surface. The ink is skimmed off, dried and reused as ink or burned as boiler fuel. The cleaned pulp is mixed with new wood fibers to be made into paper again. Glass. Scrap glass taken from the glass manufacturing process, called cullet, has been internally recycled for years. The scrap glass is economical to use as a raw material because it melts at lower temperatures than other raw materials, thus saving fuel and operating costs. Glass that is to be recycled must be relatively free from impurities and sorted by color. Glass containers are the most commonly recycled form of glass, and their colors are flint (clear), amber (brown), and green. The recycled glass is melted in a furnace and formed into new products. Chemicals and Hazardous Waste. Household hazardous wastes include drain cleaners, oven cleaners, window cleaners, disinfectants, motor oil, paints, paint thinners, and pesticides. Most municipalities ban hazardous waste from the regular trash. Periodically, citizens are alerted that they can take their hazardous waste to a collection point where trained workers sort it, recycle what they can, and package the remainder in special leak-proof containers called lab packs, for safe disposal. Typical materials recycled from the collection drives are motor oil, paint, antifreeze, and tires. Business and industry have made much progress in reducing both the hazardous waste they generate and its toxicity. Nuclear Waste. Certain types of nuclear waste can be recycled, while other types are considered too dangerous to recycle. Low-level wastes include radioactive material from research activities, medical wastes, and contaminated machinery from nuclear reactors. Nickel is the major metal of construction in the nuclear power field and much of it is recycled after surface contamination has been removed. High-level wastes come from the reprocessing of spent fuel and from the processing of nuclear weapons. These wastes emit gamma radiation, which can cause birth defects, disease, and death. High-level nuclear waste is so toxic it is not normally recycled. Instead, it is fused into inert glass tubes encased in stainless steel cylinders, which are then stored underground. 4. Tick the sentence that best describes the results of Recycling. a) In general, using recycled materials to make new products costs more and requires more energy than using new materials. b) Recycling increases the amount of land needed for trash dumps by reducing the volume of discarded waste. c) Recycling can reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or by minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process. 5. Answer the questions on Text A. 1) What materials can't be recycled? 2) What methods of making steel using recycled material do you know? 3) What goods can be produced using these methods? 4) What material is more difficult to recycle than metal, paper, or glass? 5) Do you know any hazardous wastes? 6) What wastes are not normally recycled? Why? 6. Look at the highlighted words in Text А. What do you think they mean in this context? Check in your dictionary and match the words from Text A (1-16) to the definitions (a-p). A 1) Precious; 2) reclaim; 3) appliance; 4) impurity; 5) bar; 6) crush; 7) shred; 8) ingots; 9) contaminant; 10) hazardous; 11) drain; 12) trash; 13) tire; 14) reducing; 15) emit; 16) disease. В a) To obtain from a waste product or by-product; b) a solid piece or block of material that is longer than it is wide; c) a mass of metal cast into a convenient shape for storage or transportation to be later processed; d) to be squeezed or forced by pressure so as to alter or destroy structure; e) involving or exposing one to risk; f) to be of great value or high price; g) things that are no longer useful or wanted and that have been thrown away; h) an unwanted substance that is found in something else and that prevents it from being pure; i) an instrument or device designed for a particular use or function; j) something that makes a place or a substance (such as water, air, or food) no longer suitable for use: something that contaminates a place or substance; k) a rubber cushion that fits around a wheel (as of an automobile) and usually contains compressed air; l) to diminish in size, amount, extent, or number; m) to send (light, energy, etc.) out from a source; n) an illness that affects a person, animal, or plant; o) to cut or to tear (something) into long, thin pieces; p) something (such as a pipe) that is used for removing a liquid from a place or container. 7. Use these words in the correct forms to complete the sentences. Initial letters will help you. 1. This plant emits h………… chemicals that can cause death if inhaled. 2. They are working to stop the spread of d………. in rural areas. 3. This purified water is completely free of i………………. 4. Beyond signing higher fuel efficiency standards into law last week, he has invested $37 billion in research into alternative fuels and other technology, promoted construction of nuclear plants that do not e…….. greenhouse gases, and moved to require cleaner appliances and building codes. 5. Some p……… metals, such as gold and platinum, face supply challenges going forward, due to high global demand. 6. Residents are complaining that these workers often leave t………. they are supposed to pick up. 7. The t………….. consisted of an inner tube containing compressed air that was covered by an outer rubber casing to provide traction. 8. Environmental groups have been r………………. contaminated sites. 9. Steel i……………………… range in size from small rectangular blocks weighing a few pounds (or kilograms) to huge, tapered, octagonal masses weighing more than 500 tons (450 metric tons). 10. TCE is the most widespread water c…………………… in the country, seeping into aquifers across California, New York, Texas, Florida and elsewhere. 8. Read Dialogue 1. How can plastics be recycled? Dialogue 1. RECYCLING A: (1)… is big business these days, isn't it? B: Yes, it's definitely a growing business. A: What do you recycle in your plant? B: Mainly plastics. Plastics aren't bio-degradable – they don't break down easily in the (2)… – so they shouldn't be thrown away. A: How is plastic recycled, then? B: Well, there are basically two methods. One is to break down the chemicals in the plastic into smaller chemical (3)… These can be used in the production of new chemicals. A: Is that the method you use here? B: No, we don't do that here. We recycle polyethylene and we make it into other products. A: How do you do that? B: By melting it down and then reforming it. Our main (4)… are bin liners for kitchen bins and carrier bags for supermarkets. 9. Fill in the blanks with the best word(s).
10. Read Dialogue 2. What goods can be called environmentally-friendly? Dialogue 2. ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS A: You say your products are aimed at the green consumer. In what ways are they environmentally-friendly? B: We produce household cleaning products – detergents and so on. They are all phosphate-free, which minimizes damage to the environment. A: What about the packaging? B: We try to use as little packaging as possible. Also, all our bottles are made of recyclable plastic and we use recycled fibre in our boxes. That's what our customers want. 11. Think of the meanings of the highlighted words. Read the comments to Dialogue 2 to check your ideas. 1) Environmentally-friendly means not so damaging to the environment. 2) phosphate-free: not to contain phosphates (chemical compounds which are harmful to the environment). 12. Give your own examples with these constructions. EXAMPLE: environmentally unacceptable, chlorine-free, lead-free. 13. Complete the sentences with are allowed to/ aren't allowed toorhave to. a) We………….reduce our CO2 emissions by 5 per cent by next year. b) Factories……………dump rubbish in the river. They can be fined if they do. c) Manufactories…………… follow strict environmental guidelines. d) The Governments sets strict limits on landfill. We………… send only 50 per cent of our waste to landfill sites. We……………… recycle the rest. e) Paint producers……………… use lead in their paint any more because it's a health hazard. f) We……………… exceed the permitted levels. 14. Match the two parts of the sentences.
15. Complete each sentence with a preposition or leave blank if no preposition is needed. a) We must get rid ……...our waste in an acceptable way (to, of, from). b) Is it harmful…………the environment? (for, to, into) c) Safe disposal..…...toxic substances is very important (of, – , from). d) Ozone is not emitted……….the atmosphere (into, to, for). e) Incineration is better……….the environment than landfill (for, to, into). f) Wind power can be converted ….……energy (to, into, –). g) We've reduced our energy bill …… investing in good insulation (by, with, –). 16. Complete the sentences with the proper word: recycling, pollution, environmentally, disposable, environmental, dispose, recyclable, pollutants. a) Most types of paper are …………………... b) We need to find a better way to………………..of our waste. c) It's an………………………… friendly product. d) ……………………..is having an effect on the world climate. e) They manufacture cheap…………………cigarette lighters. f) We have an office-paper……………………scheme in our company. g) We are setting up an…………………….management system. h) There are six main air………………………… 17. Complete the sentences with the correct verb. a) When fossil fuels are burnt, they…………… give/take/send off CO2. b) We need to…………… clear/take/clean up our production process. c) We are trying to……… put/cut/bring down the amount of packaging we use. d) It's better to recycle glass bottles than to………… throw/put/take them away. e) Most hamburger boxes don't…… take/bring/break down in the environment. 18. In pairs, summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of recycling. Report to the rest of the class about the results of your work. Do your groupmates agree with you? Be ready to ask questions to them, too. 19. In small groups, work out a leaflet (150-200 words) which appeals to people and invites them to collect waste paper for recycling. Attract people’s attention to the points: the problem of deforesting, necessity of paper recycling and making our environment clean, importance of common activity, etc. 20. What are the reasons for recycling? Read Text B to answer this question. Text B. REASONS FOR RECYCLING Rare materials, such as gold and silver, are recycled because acquiring new supplies is expensive. Other materials may not be as expensive to replace, but they are recycled to conserve energy, reduce pollution, conserve land, and to save money. Resource Conservation. Recycling conserves natural resources by reducing the need for new material. Some natural resources are renewable, meaning they can be replaced, and some are not. Paper, corrugated board, and other paper products come from renewable timber sources. Trees harvested to make those products can be replaced by growing more trees. Iron and aluminum come from nonrenewable ore deposits. Once a deposit is mined, it cannot be replaced. Energy Conservation. Recycling saves energy by reducing the need to process new material, which usually requires more energy than the recycling process. The amount of energy saved in recycling one aluminum can is equivalent to the energy in the gasoline that would fill half of that same can. Pollution Reduction. Recycling reduces pollution because recycling a product creates less pollution than producing a new one. Recycling can also reduce pollution by recycling safer products to replace those that pollute. Some countries still use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to manufacture foam products such as cups and plates. Many scientists suspect that CFCs harm the atmosphere’s protective layer of ozone. Using recycled plastic instead for those products eliminates the creation of harmful CFCs. Land Conservation. Recycling saves valuable landfill space, land that must be set aside for dumping trash, construction debris, and yard waste. Landfills fill up quickly and acceptable sites for new ones are difficult to find because of objections by neighbors to noise and smells, and the hazard of leaks into underground water supplies. The two major ways to reduce the need for new landfills are to generate less initial waste and to recycle products that would normally be considered waste. Economic Savings. Recycling in the short term is not always economically profitable or a break-even financial operation. Most experts contend, however, that the economic consequences of recycling are positive in the long term. Recycling will save money if potential landfill sites are used for more productive purposes and by reducing the number of pollution-related illnesses. 21. Answer the questions on Text B. 1) What nonrenewable and renewable resources do you know? 2) How can recycling save energy? 3) Is it harmful to use chlorofluorocarbons to manufacture foam products? 4) What are the two major ways to reduce the need for new landfills? 5) Is recycling economically profitable? 22. Work in small groups and discuss the issues. 1) What environmental problems are there in your city (country)? 2) Which of them are the most important? Why? 3) How can they be solved? Report the general idea of the group to the class. 23. In pairs, think of prospects of recycling business. 1) Is recycling a profitable business? 2) Would you like to set up in business like that? 3) What stages are essential to start your own recycling business? 4) What equipment do you need? 5) What do you have to know? 24. Work out a business-plan of starting your own recycling business and present it to your group. UNIT VII. TRANSPORTATION 1. Work in pairs. Make a list of all the means of transport you know. Discuss the questions. 1) What means of transport refer to air, seа, road, rail? 2) What kind of transport do you prefer? 3) Which is the most dangerous one? 4) Which is the quickest one? 5) Do you have your own car? 6) Does it help you to get everywhere on time? 7) Do you have any problems because of the car? 2. Work in small groups. Work out urban transport problems. Try to explain them. 3. Read Text A Part 1. How many urban transport problems are mentioned in the text? Is your list of the problems similar to those mentioned in the text? Text A. CHALLENGES FACING URBAN TRANSPORTATION |