Вклад ученых. Вклад отечественных химиков в развитие органической химии
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Региоселективность — явление, при котором в химической реакции один путь разрыва и образования связей преобладает над остальными возможными путями. В зависимости от степени региоселективности реакции могут быть частично или полностью региоселективными. Ректификация — это процесс разделения двойных или многокомпонентных смесей за счёт противоточного массо- и теплообмена между паром и жидкостью. Ректификация — разделение жидких смесей на практически чистые компоненты, отличающиеся температурами кипения, путём многократных испарений жидкости и конденсации паров. Структурная формула — это разновидность химической формулы, графически описывающая расположение и порядок связи атомов в (ковалентном) соединении, выраженное на плоскости (2D-формулы) или в трёхмерном пространстве (3D-формулы) . Связи в структурных формулах обозначаются валентными черточками (штрихами). Таутомери́я — явление обратимой изомерии, при которой два или более изомера легко переходят друг в друга. При этом устанавливается таутомерное равновесие, и вещество одновременно содержит молекулы всех изомеров (таутомеров) в определённом соотношении. Тройная связь — ковалентная связь двух атомов в молекуле посредством трёх общих связывающих электронных пар. Флавонолы - это класс флавоноидов, которые имеют 3-гидроксифлавоновую основу. Их разнообразие связано с различным положением фенольных групп -ОН. Они отличаются от флаванолов, таких как катехин, другой класс флавоноидов. Флавонолы присутствуют во многих фруктах и овощах. Хлорофилл - зелёное красящее вещество листьев и др. органов растений, обусловливающее усвоение растениями углекислоты воздуха. Этиле́н (по ИЮПАК: этен) — органическое химическое соединение, описываемое формулой С2H4. Является простейшим алкеном (олефином). Organic synthesis - is a special branch of chemical synthesis and is concerned with the intentional construction of organic compounds. Organic molecules are often more complex than inorganic compounds, and their synthesis has developed into one of the most important branches of organic chemistry. Flavonols - are a class of flavonoids that have the 3-hydroxyflavone backbone. Their diversity stems from the different positions of the phenolic -OH groups. They are distinct from flavanols (with "a") such as catechin, another class of flavonoids. Isomers - are ions or molecules with identical formulas but distinct structures. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism). The valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules. The concept of valence developed in the second half of the 19th century and helped successfully explain the molecular structure of inorganic and organic compounds. A double bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two chemical elements involving four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond, that is between two carbon atoms, can be found in alkenes. A triple bond is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. The most common triple bond, that between two carbon atoms, can be found in alkynes. An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element. A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. Tautomers are constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert. This reaction commonly results in the relocation of a proton. Tautomerism is for example relevant to the behavior of amino acids and nucleic acids, two of the fundamental building blocks of life. The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. The chemical bondingwithin the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl). It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry. Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound. It has one double bond, and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons. It is a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds). In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms. 1,3-Butadiene is the organic compound with the formula (CH2=CH)2. It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to a liquid. It is important industrially as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber. The molecule can be viewed as the union of two vinyl groups. It is the simplest conjugated diene. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves the change of chemical composition and is irreversible. In organic chemistry a diene is a covalent compound that contains two double bonds, usually among carbon atoms. In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end. An addition reaction, in organic chemistry, is in its simplest terms an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one. In chemistry, regioselectivity is the preference of one direction of chemical bond making or breaking over all other possible directions. Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities. In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-butanol. Propene, also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound. It has one double bond, and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of hydrocarbons. It is a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor. СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ Справочная литература: Русский биографический словарь : в 25 томах. — СПб., 1908. — Т. 3: Бетанкур — Бякстер. — С. 528—533. Книга для чтения по органической химии. Пособие для учащихся [Текст]. — М.: «Просвещение», 1975. Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.) — СПб., 1891. — Т. V. — С. 79—82. Московская речь о Бутлерове - Труды института истории естествознания и техники — 1956. — Т. 12. — С. 135—181. Письма русских химиков к А. М. Бутлерову / Научное наследство. — Т. 4. — М., 1961. Электронные ресурсы: http://him.1september.ru/2000/38/no38_1.htm http://himija-online.ru/imennye-reakcii/reakciya-zelinskogo.html http://himija-online.ru/organicheskaya-ximiya/cikloalkany/primenenie-cikloalkanov.html http://www.xumuk.ru/organika/01.html https://kopilkaurokov.ru/himiya/presentacii/vklad_uchienykh_vrazvitiie_orghanichieskoi_khimii https://pcgroup.ru/blog/vklad-aleksandra-mihajlovicha-butlerova-v-mirovuyu-i-rossijskuyu-nauku/ https://studfiles.net/preview/2983468/page:5/ Скачано с www.znanio.ru 1 Уинни У.П. О значении работ русских химиков для мировой химии: Речь президента Английского химического общества, произнесенная на Годовом собрании Общества 27 марта 1924 г./ Пер. В.Г. Хлопина. Л.: Научн. хим. – техн. изд – во НТО ВСНХ, 1924, с. 7 – 8. 2 Менделеев Д. [Предисловие] В кн.: Мейэр Э. История химии от древнейших времён до настоящих дней. СПб., 1899, с, 8 3 Фигуровский Н. А., Соловьев Ю. М., Н. Н. Зинин, М., 1957; Эфрос Л. С, Горелик М. В., Химия и технология промежуточных продуктов, Л., 1980, с. 466-73; Porter Н. К., "Organic Reactions". 1973, v. 20, p. 455-81. Н. Э. Нифантьев. |