Иностранный язык. Практическое задание к разделу 2ИНЯЗ. Задание. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст на русский язык, выполните задания, размещенные до и после текста письменно
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 Задание. Прочитайте и ПИСЬМЕННО переведите текст на русский язык, выполните задания, размещенные до и после текста ПИСЬМЕННО. Warm up What does history study? Is it important for people to know their past? Why? Что изучает история? Важно ли людям знать свое прошлое? Почему? History is the study of change over time, and it covers all aspects of human society. Political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural, intellectual, religious and military developments are all part of history. History gives us the opportunity to learn from others' past mistakes. It helps us understand the many reasons why people may behave the way they do. As a result, it helps us become more impartial as decision-makers. What ancient civilizations do you know? Какие древние цивилизации вы знаете? There are 7 ancient civilizations: Sumerian Civilization Indus Valley Civilization Ancient Egypt Ancient and Early Imperial China Ancient Maya Civilization Ancient Greece Ancient Rome What have ancient civilizations added to our current knowledge, technology, and understanding of the world? How different were they from one another? What did they have in common? Что древние цивилизации добавили к нашим нынешним знаниям, технологиям и пониманию мира? Насколько они отличались друг от друга? Что у них было общего? The first manifestations of civilization, according to research, appeared several millennia ago on the territory of Asia, Africa and Europe. Although the ancient civilizations of the earth were formed at different times, the processes of their formation and development have many common features. They became the basis for important discoveries that were a springboard for human progress and cultural development. The Sumerian Civilization Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and the legacy of ancient civilizations Many historians believe that the Sumerians were the first civilization on earth, which appeared in Mesopotamia more than 6 thousand years ago. Historians were able to determine the following facts: The Sumerians were the first civilization on earth to use the ternary system and know the Fibonacci numbers. In the legends of this people, the first descriptions concerning the structure and development of the Solar System are presented. The Sumerian manuscripts indicate that modern humans were created by genetic engineering methods about 3 thousand years ago. They had developed statehood, had a court and various government bodies that were chosen by people The Sumerians existed for 2 thousand years. Ancient Mayan Civilization Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations One of the most mysterious peoples, which reminds of itself even in the modern world, what is the famous Mayan calendar that predicts the end of the world. The secret knowledge of ancient civilizations continues to be studied by scientists, and they managed to determine such facts: The Maya were engaged in the construction of stone cities and huge pyramids, which served as a tomb for the nobility. They grew pumpkins, cotton, various fruits, beans, and so on. This people was engaged in the extraction of salt. For this people, religion was very important, and the worship of the gods was a cult. The Maya sacrificed not only animals, but also people. Ancient civilizations had great knowledge in astronomy, for example, the Mayan calendars have survived to this day and their accuracy never ceases to amaze. The Maya mysteriously left the earth, and what exactly happened has not yet been established. The ancient civilization of the Incas Ancient civilizations, secret knowledge and the legacy of ancient civilizations The largest empire in terms of area and population, which was located on the territory of South America. Thanks to historians a lot of information about this people became known to the public: Scientists have not been able to find evidence that would tell about the appearance of the Incas, but they are considered descendants of the early Andean civilization. The secrets of ancient civilizations indicate that the empire had a clear administrative division and a well-established economy. It is reliably known that in those days there was no corruption, almost completely absent crimes related to murder and theft. Few ancient civilizations had mail, so the Incas had about 5-7 thousand postal stations. This people had their own measuring system, calendar, architecture, and musical culture. The Inca script is called the kipu nodular script. The Aztec civilization Ancient civilizations, secret knowledge and the legacy of ancient civilizations The most numerous Native American people living in Mexico are the Aztecs. The history of ancient civilizations is known for such facts: The Aztecs were fond of sports and creativity, for example, they are known for their sculptures and pottery. Of great importance to this people was the education that children received not only from their parents, but also in schools. Historians believe that this ancient civilization disappeared not because of numerous wars, but because of smallpox, which claimed the lives of more than 20 million people. It is worth noting the presence of an advanced system for recording and storing data: tax, historical, religious and other documentation. The men of this people were allowed polygamy, and poor families sold their children into slavery, and this was not considered unusual. The ancient civilization of Mesopotamia Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations Since geographically Mesopotamia occupied a flat area between two rivers: the Euphrates and the Tigris, it was also called Mesopotamia. Some scholars believe that the first inhabitants of the southern territory were the Sumerians, but in fact, before that, the land was inhabited by other tribes. Artifacts of ancient civilizations indicate that there were several large settlements on the territory of Mesopotamia. The local population developed complex religious beliefs and made extensive use of magical rituals. At that time, Mesopotamia had all the signs of civilization, except for writing, but this changed after the territory was settled by the Sumerians. The ancient civilization of Babylon Ancient civilizations, secret knowledge and the legacy of ancient civilizations At that time, Babylon was the richest and most powerful city, which stood out with masterpieces of human ingenuity. Not all the secrets of ancient civilizations are unraveled, but scientists were able to learn a lot of interesting information: Trade was of great importance in Babylon, and the products created by this people were very popular. This city is considered a "trendsetter". If a doctor made an incorrect diagnosis, his hands were cut off, and prostitution was considered a prestigious profession. The most famous attraction of that time is the Gardens of Babylon. The technologies of ancient civilizations made it possible to build incredible buildings, which is only worth the legendary Tower of Babel, which was located in the center of the ancient city. Mysterious ancient civilizations There are many unique structures on earth that have a mystical origin, since there is no real way to explain their origin. The secrets of vanished civilizations continue to baffle many scientists who are trying to get to the truth. Psychics and other people who work with energies and have the ability to look into the past, claim that ancient civilizations existed. The Hyperborean Civilization Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations This ancient civilization has another name – Arctida. It is believed that it disappeared, as well as the well-known Atlantis, because of the Great Flood. The death of ancient civilizations has no real evidence, but there is a lot of information from different peoples, which is more speculative. There is a hypothesis that the ancient Hyperboreans were magicians and 20 thousand years ago there was a great battle with the inhabitants of Atlantis, as a result of which the Urals were formed. The people of Hyperborea were gifted, and they showed themselves creatively in every possible way. In the encyclopedia, the Hyperboreans are called a fairy-tale people who lived in a paradise country. People were always eternally young, never got sick, and enjoyed a happy life. The Lemurian Civilization Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations If we rely on information from secret sources, the first ancient civilization was located on a huge continent called Lemuria. Another name is known-Mu. The following is known about this civilization: It existed for 52 thousand years. The ancient Lemurians were 18 m tall. and they had supernatural powers. The reason for the disappearance is a huge earthquake that occurred due to the displacement of the earth's belt. The legacy of ancient civilizations lies in the construction science, thanks to which people built stone buildings. Civilization Hittite Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations According to the existing tradition in the Indian and Pacific ocean was a vast continent – Hittite. It is believed that it was inhabited by the progenitors of modern humanity. Historians have found tablets, the decoding of which helped to open some of the mysteries of ancient civilizations.: The climate on this land was ideal for human, animal, and plant life. The continent was inhabited by people with yellow, brown, black and white skin. They possessed supernatural powers, could fly and teleport. For the people, it was important to unite with nature, which gave them strength. Many ancient civilizations have died because of disasters, so Hitted disappeared after the collision of earth with an asteroid. According to one version, the continent was inhabited by souls who lived in subtle bodies. The ancient civilization of Pacifis Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations Some scientists believe that the Pacific Ocean hides many secrets, there is a version that the continent of Pacifida died in it. Its existence is spoken not only by esotericists, but also by researchers who discover traces of ancient civilizations. It is believed that the earth was inhabited by real giants, whose growth reached up to five meters, or even higher. It is impossible to confirm or deny this information now. Confirmation of the existence of Pacifis is considered to be the giant stone statues of moaya, which are located on Easter Island. Scientists have not been able to determine what inventions of ancient civilizations made it possible to make such huge statues. There are several versions that explain the reason for the disappearance of the continent, and according to the most reliable of them, it's all about the movement of the continental plates, which led to the fact that the Pacifis cracked and sank to the bottom of the ocean. It is believed that Easter Island is a part left over from an ancient civilization. Ancient Civilizations-Atlantis Ancient Civilizations-Secret knowledge and heritage of ancient civilizations Since the time of ancient Greece, the mystery of Atlantis has worried mankind and a huge number of scientists for 2.5 thousand years have tried to determine the place of its location and the history of its existence. The first to write about Atlantis was the philosopher Plato, on whose writings modern researchers rely. The philosopher points out that the cities of the ancient civilization were rich, and he considered the Atlanteans themselves to be descendants of Poseidon. Ancient lost civilizations were rich, so the temple of the main deity Poseidon was lined with gold, silver and other metals. On the territory of Atlantis there were many statues of the lord of the sea and his wife, made of gold. The inhabitants of the mainland were entertained by horse racing. The Atlanteans liked to take thermal baths, because they were not Read the text and study the names of the ancient civilizations below: The study of history focuses on the interpretation of the written word and other cultural artifacts created by humans in the past. The invention of writing marks the division between “history” and “pre-history.” All ancient civilizations were located in the Mediterranean Basin or the Middle East and included Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylonia, and Assyria), Egypt, the Hittite Empire, Persia, Lydia, Greece, and Rome. Изучение истории сосредоточено на интерпретации письменного слова и других культурных артефактов, созданных людьми в прошлом. Изобретение письменности отмечает разделение между «историей» и «предысторией». Все древние цивилизации располагались в Средиземноморском бассейне или на Среднем Востоке и включали в себя Месопотамию (Шумер, Вавилония и Ассирия), Египет, Хеттская империя, Персия, Лидия, Греция и Рим. 1. Sumer — the Sumerians (шумер – шумеры) 2. Babylonia — the Babylonians (Вавилония – вавалонцы) 3. Egypt — the Egyptians (Египет – египтяне) 4. Persia — the Persians (Персия – персы) 5. Greece — the Greeks (Греция – греки) 6. Rome — the Romans (Рим – римляне) 7. Lydia — the Lydians (Лидия – лидийцы) 8. Assyria — the Assyrians (Ассирия – ассирийцы) 9. The Hittite Empire — the Hittites (Хеттская Империя – хетты) The timeline Match the ancient civilizations to the description of some of their achievements and inventions. Answer the questions after the text. a. The largest empire of the ancient world. Their army numbered over one million as they added foreign armies, usually of defeated enemies, to their own. They made paved roads with small stations so that people could travel in comfort and safety. They learned about minted coins from the Lydians and spread it throughout the eastern part of the ancient world. Because of the tribute system, the empire was extremely rich. Крупнейшая империя древнего мира. Их армия насчитывала более миллиона человек, поскольку они добавляли к своим иностранные армии, обычно состоявшие из поверженных врагов. Они сделали асфальтированные дороги с небольшими станциями, чтобы люди могли путешествовать с комфортом и безопасностью. Из-за системы дани империя была чрезвычайно богата. b. This people developed complex mathematics, which included geometry and algebra. They developed a system of symbols representing the values of numbers (such as 100s, 10s, and 1s), knew the value of pi. Also, they invented the abacus, a primitive calculator." Этот народ разработал сложную математику, в которую входили геометрия и алгебра. Они разработали систему символов, представляющих значения\ чисел (например, 100, 10 и 1), знали значение числа Пи. Кроме того, они изобрели счеты, примитивный калькулятор. c. The longest existing ancient civilization. Its life and culture centered on, depended on, and were shaped by the world’s longest river. The rulers used to build extremely big tombs to demonstrate their power on earth. They had knowledge of higher mathematics and skill in moving extremely heavy building materials." Самая долго существующая цивилизация. Ее жизнь и культура были сосредоточены на самой длинной реке в мире, Правители строили чрезвычайно большие гробницы, чтобы продемонстрировать свою власть на земле. У них были познания в высшей математике и умение перемещать чрезвычайно тяжелые строительные материалы. d. They developed writing which took the form of pictographs or hieroglyphs, with each symbol representing a word. Later it developed into cuneiform — symbols representing syllables of words. For over 3,000 years, various civilizations used this system of writing. Они разработали письменность, которая принимала форму пиктограмм или иероглифов, где каждый символ представлял слово. Позднее она превратилась в клинопись – символы, обозначающие слоги слов. На протяжении более 3000 лет различные цивилизации использовали эту систему письма. e. They influenced modern Western culture more than any other ancient civilization. Philosophy, democracy, architecture, theatre, art (particularly sculpture), literature, and borrowed words are just a few contributions they made to Western culture. Они повлияли на современную западную культуру больше, чем любая другая древняя цивилизация. Философия, демократия, архитектура, театр, искусство (особенно скульптура), литература и заимствованные слова – вот лишь некоторые из вкладов, которые они внесли в западную культуру. f. The last major civilization before Europe and North Africa fell into the Dark Ages. They conquered many people and lived together with the conquered. They invented various kinds of devices to make grain mills more productive. The civilization introduced and spread the Latin language, provided a legal system that many modern Western governments still use." Последняя крупная цивилизация перед Европой и Северной Африкой погрузилась в Средневековье. Они завоевали многих людей и жили вместе с покоренными. Они изобрели различного рода приспособления для повышения производительности зерновых мельниц. Цивилизация ввела и распространила латинский язык, создала правовую систему, которой до сих пор пользуются многие современные западные правительства. Questions: What is the present-day name of the country that used to be Persia? Как теперь называется страна, которая когда-то была Персией? - Iran What event (s) was the city of Babylon sadly famous for? Каким событием (событиями) печально прославился город Вавилон?-Babylon, excavated by Coldewey, was the capital of an empire created almost exclusively by the will of one of its last kings, Nebuchadnezzar P. The period of the so-called New Babylonian kingdom lasted from 605 to 538 BC, and at the end of it Babylon turned from the center of the civilized world into a dying provincial city, with few inhabitants, dilapidated and forgotten. What were the names of the two women pharaohs who entered history? Как звали двух женщин-фараонов, вошедших в историю? Cleopatra, Hatshepsut Which civilization gave the world the “Epic of Gilgamesh”? What does it tell about? Какая цивилизация дала миру “Эпос о Гильгамеше”? О чем это говорит? It is difficult to imagine that more time has passed since the reign of the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, before the new era (the end of the XXVIII century BC) than from its beginning to the present day. Sometimes there is a feeling that almost 5 thousand years ago, the Sumero-Akkadian civilization was more advanced than the civilizations at the beginning of the new era. As if humanity had to start anew, and again go through the path already passed once. About everything that has seen to the end of the world, About the one who has known the seas, who has crossed all the mountains, About the enemies who conquered together with a friend, About the one who has comprehended wisdom, about the one who has penetrated everything: He saw the hidden, he knew the secret, Brought us news of the days before the flood … The whole poem is here. "The Epic of Gilgamesh", or the poem "Of all who have seen" (Akkad. ša nagba imuru) is one of the oldest extant literary works and one of the first books. It is believed that these poetic legends were formed in the XVIII-XVII (18-17) centuries BC. And this is the rare case when a significant part of the poem has been preserved. The Sumerians and Akkadians, unlike later cultures, used clay and stone tablets for records, which were able to overcome the path through the millennia. Stone book from the library of Ashurbanipal Stone book from the library of Ashurbanipal, VII century BC. The tablets were found during the excavations of the Assyrian city of Nineveh, discovered by the English archaeologist Austin Henry Layard in 1849. King Ashurbanipal in the VII century BC created a huge library, wanting to collect in it all the knowledge of mankind that was available at that time. Archaeologists have discovered more than 250 thousand cuneiform tablets, many texts were in Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian languages. The main sensation of deciphering the tablets was the myth of the Flood, which is close in content to the biblical story of Noah's Ark. Later it turned out that the myth is part of a large poem — "The Legend of Gilgamesh" or "All-seeing". The "Epic" is written in Akkadian on the basis of Sumerian oral traditions. Gilgamesh, King of Uruk Gilgamesh, King of Uruk Hymn to Friendship The main characters of the poem were the demigod Gilgamesh ("Two-thirds he is a god, one-third he is a man")-a mighty warrior, the king of the city — state of Uruk, as well as Enkidu-a wild, steppe man who lived among animals, who was created from clay by the goddess Aruru. Before meeting with Enkidu, Gilgamesh was "violent", so the inhabitants of Uruk complained to the gods with a request to create a rival for him. A violent husband, whose head, like Tur's, is raised, Whose weapons in battle have no equal, — All his comrades stand on the drum! In the bedrooms, the men of Uruk are afraid: "Gilgamesh will not leave a son for the father! Day and night he rages with the flesh. Often their complaint was heard by the gods, They called out to the great Aruru : "Aruru, you created Gilgamesh, Now create his likeness! Gilgamesh and Enkidu fight at first, but then they become friends and return from Uruk to perform feats to the glory of themselves and their kingdom. But after defeating both the giant Humbab, who guarded the sacred cedars, and the huge heavenly bull, which the goddess Ishtun sent to destroy her friends in revenge for Gilgamesh's refusal to become her husband, Enkidu dies by the will of the gods. The death of a friend shocked Gilgamesh, he realizes that he is also mortal, and goes to unknown lands in search of answers to questions, hoping to get immortality from the gods. "The Epic of Gilgamesh" is a hymn to friendship, which not only helps to cope with difficulties, defeat enemies, but also transforms and ennobles. The poem reflects the philosophy of ancient peoples, questions of ethics, life and death, the place of man in the world. It is believed that Gilgamesh was a real historical figure-lugal (literally a big man, a military leader elected by the people's assembly of the city to wage war) of the Sumerian city of Uruk in the late XXVII-early XXVI centuries BC. His name is mentioned in the list of Sumerian rulers, the so-called Royal list. And since the XVIII century BC, this name (in Sumerian — "Bilhemes" or "Bilgames") is located in the host of Sumerian gods. Ancient City of Uruk (reconstruction) Ancient City of Uruk (reconstruction) The first civilization? The Sumerians create the first urban civilization and culture. It is possible that it was the first civilization of mankind. Its traces date back to about 4 thousand BC, and it appears in the historical arena already fully formed, as if it had no prehistory. The question of the origin of the Sumerians is still open. No traces of their appearance could be found. There are versions that they came to Mesopotamia by sea, since the first settlements appeared in the mouths of rivers. The Sumerians immediately engaged in irrigation, which allowed for a sharp increase in crop yields, as well as navigation and river navigation. The Sumerians themselves in their myths call the ancestral home of mankind the island of Dilmun, in them the golden age and the lost paradise (see Homer on the Baltic). Map of the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization The Sumerians and Akkadians Since ancient times, Eastern Semites have lived in the neighborhood of the Sumerians. Their appearance in Lower Mesopotamia is also unknown. Semites were a minority in Sumer. In the XXIV century BC, they create the Akkadian kingdom, as a result of the coming to power of Sargon the Ancient, who was himself an Eastern Semite. The Akkadians (as the Eastern Semites are called from this time on) begin an active policy of conquest. Akkad reached its greatest power under Sargon's grandson, Naram-Suen, but already at the end of the XXIII century BC the state fell into decline. Sumerian Tablet In ancient times, Akkad was considered a reference state, a model of monarchy. Its principles of government were adopted by such powers as the Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom, Babylon and Assyria. The Sumerians invented cuneiform writing, and they had a highly developed literature. The wheel, the potter's wheel, the brick kiln, the irrigation systems, the agricultural implements-they knew all this. They also authored the first medical books. The first calendar, divided into winter and summer, and consisting of 12 months of 29 or 30 days, was also created by the Sumerians, as were the first stringed musical instruments — the lyre and harp. Art, dream, society. A. Meneghetti From the book "Art, Dream, Society" by Antonio Meneghetti» Touching the Akkadian culture, you can understand how people thought 5-6 thousand years ago. For example, the epic of Gilgamesh tells us that Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, lost his great friend, he grieved greatly for him and shed tears. To comfort him, Shamash went to him. Gilgamesh addresses the god Shamash with the words: "And from now on I wander Like a robber in the desert. I do not know peace... ( ... ) Where is the road to good? (…) Do the same will fall into the depths of the earth, as Enkidu? My friend, whom I loved so much, with whom we shared all our labors, Enkidu, my friend, the fate of a man has befallen him!" The fate of man is death, because the gods, or forces of nature, have reserved eternal immortality for themselves: "I am saddened. I was afraid of death ( ... ) I run a long way in the desert." Shamash gives him the following lesson: "Gilgamesh, where are you going? You won't find the life you're looking for! When the gods created man, they reasoned: "Let him sleep in the grave. Only the gods are immortal, but man is born to turn into dust." Know your share, you can eat and drink freely, Have fun day and night, Sing, dance, enjoy and do not need anything, And feast every day, Wash in the morning, and then dress in expensive clothes, At dawn, at sunset, smile at the child Who holds your hand, And you delight your spouse with the heat of fervent embraces, There is no sweeter occupation!". This is the Sumerian-Akkadian epic, but we are also talking about Vedanta, the great Vedas, the Upanishads of ancient India. "Vedas" comes from the Akkadian "wadûm", which means "to know, to know". Hence, it was from the Akkadian culture that India derived this term, from which the Latin “videō” (to see, to know) is further derived. The Akkadian root id means "this is equal". The words "identita" (identity), "evidenza “(evidence),” video" (see) are equal, by virtue of the id, the present reality of the one who sees and is seen. The real confirms the real. And this is the living connection of our onto In-se. According to the Bible, humanity was born between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Then, due to the vicissitudes of climate, epidemics, natural resources, interventions and civil wars, the Akkadian language left the "Tower of Babel" and dispersed, becoming a one-time matrix of many languages. It is in this first language that the first philosophy of man is set forth – elementary gnosticism, when the word, the logos, are equal to the action of life by virtue of psychobiological contact. What I like about these peoples is that we find there a human being who can co-exist as a cosmoteandric man. He lives in nature, where God and man are the main actors. And here is our great responsibility as craftsmen of this world and this universe. Which people called foreigners the “barbaroi”, i.e. not speaking the tongue of the civilized world? Какой народ называл иноземцев “варварами”, то есть не говорящими на языке цивилизованного мира? The ancient Romans called barbarians all the peoples who lived outside the Empire, including the Germans and Slavs. What were the names of the two legendary founders of Rome? Как звали двух легендарных основателей Рима? Romulus and Remus What are the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Каковы Семь чудес Древнего Мира? Pyramids of Giza Giza plateau, near the center of Cairo-the capital of Egypt. They were built in 2500-2600 BC and include three pyramids, including the Pyramid of Cheops. Hanging Gardens of Semiramis In the area of the ancient city of Babylon (today El Hill). Created by King Nebuchadnezzar II in the sixth century BC for his wife. The temple of Artemis in Ephesus, a Greek city of Ephesus. Today, Selcuk (Turkey). The temple, built in honor of the goddess Artemis-the patroness of childbearing. Erected in the VI century BC Statue of Zeus in Olympia, the Greek city of Olympia. It was erected in 432 BC. Made in the temple of Zeus of ivory and gold (about 200 kg), with a height of about 15 m. Mausoleum in Halicarnassus The Greek city of Halicarnassus is the modern city of Bodrum (Turkey). It was built in honor of the ruler of Kyria – Mausolus in 351 BC by order of his wife Artemisia III. Colossus of Rhodes The Greek city of Rhodes. The great statue of the sun god Helios, was erected in 283 BC. Its height was about 36 m. The lighthouse of Alexandria was located on the island of Pharos off the coast of Alexandria (today Egypt). Created in the middle of the third century BC. One of the tallest buildings of that time, about 140 m high. Who was Croesus? What does the expression “as rich as Croesus” mean?" Кто такой Крез? Что означает выражение “богат, как Крез”? About a person who has accumulated a lot of wealth, they say: "Rich as Croesus." Indeed, the king of Lydia — a slave trading state — Croesus owned fabulous treasures. "Belshazzar's feast" on the night of the fall of Babylon. As a common noun, it means a sumptuous feast; in general, an orgy. |