Агрономического профиля
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4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. A seed consists of … . 2. The food supply is stored either … or … . 3. The seed coat encloses and … . 4. The portion of the food supply that is outside of the embryo is referred to as … . 5. The seeds of the legumes do not … . 6. The supply of food in legumes is stored inside the embryo in … . 7. The change from the dormant condition to one of activity is … . 8. For germination to occur the following conditions are necessary … . 9. Unless all three conditions are met, the seeds … . 10. The most favorable temperature for germination varies … . 5. Agree or disagree with the statements. (True or False) The seed consists of two main parts. 2. The portion of the food supply that is outside the embryo is referred to as the endosperm. 3. The seeds of the legumes contain an endosperm. 4. When the seed is sown or planted under improper conditions in the field, the process of germination starts immediately. 5. Oats, for example, will germinate at much higher temperature than corn. 6. Based on their method of emergence from the soil, plants are classified as having a) active hypocotyls or b) inactive hypocotyls. 7. The seeds are the means by which most plans reproduce. Distribute the given sentences in the same sequence as in the text. To most people, especially the farmers, the life cycle of a plant begins with the seed. The root is a part of the plant that grows downward into the soil. Thus, a seed can be divided into three main parts. Plants reproduce a) by producing seed; b) vegetatively; c) or both by producing seed and vegetatively. When conditions become favorable, the young dormant plant begins to grow. Roots grow downward into the soil from the lower parts of the plant, while the upper part of the plant penetrates through the soil and emerges from the surface. The most favorable temperature for germination varies with the crop. 7. Choose the sentences from the text describing the process of seed germination. 8. Find in text A answers to the following questions: What factors are necessary for germination? 2. What happens if the soil is high in organic matter and conditions are favorable for decay? 3. What conditions are necessary for germination? 4. What is necessary in order to understand how plants produce seeds? Find key sentences in each paragraph of text A and make up the plan of retelling it. Text B 1. Skim text B and find in it answers to the following questions. Why is good seedbed necessary? 2. Is moisture required by germinating seeds? 3. What is cultivation done for? 4. Why is it recommended to cultivate the soil early in the season? 5. What should be done to conserve moisture? 6. Is a good seedbed the only factor providing proper germination of seed? Seedbed Preparation Good stands start with good seed. However, even the best seed will not produce optimum yields unless other factors are favorable. A good seedbed that supplies the proper environment for germination is of the greatest importance in ensuring an optimum stand of the crops to be grown. Such seedbed is to ensure adequate moisture for germination at the due seeding depth. The soil particles must be in contact with the seed they surround to allow maximum water absorption for rapid germination. Before planting, a grower has to perform cultivation and at the same time preserve soil structure and minimize water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface. If the soil were too finely pulverized, crusting would occur. To maintain good structure the soil should not be cultivated when it is wet. The first tillage operation following the preceding harvest is to destroy crop residues and to incorporate them into the soil to be used for seeding. In some regions this is done in the fall, while in areas with short growing season this operation is delayed until early spring. Early cultivation allows more time for organic matter to decompose. Final seedbed preparation is complete in spring or late summer for crops to be sown in the fall. The first step is to cultivate with discs or harrows, or both. The surface soil is to be worked finely enough to minimize evaporation and to insure fine and mellow seedbed. It has to be cultivated deeply to kill early growing weeds. After cultivation, fields are sometimes rolled to ensure a firm seedbed. This is quite common in preparing the seed for most forage grasses. For crops that require irrigation, beds should be formed before rolling. To conserve moisture, final seedbed preparation should be followed by immediate planting. However, even the best seedbed will not ensure a good stand unless there is enough oxygen and proper temperature for seed germination. 2. Translate the sentences into English using the text. Хорошая пашня также важна для получения высоких урожаев, как и хорошие семена. 2. Семена нужно сажать на соответствующую глубину. 3. Первые операции по обработке почвы производятся либо осенью, либо ранней весной. 4. Хорошо подготовленная пашня имеет очень большое значение для получения хороших всходов. 5. Иногда культивация должна быть достаточно глубокой, чтобы уничтожить сорняки. 6. Если мало кислорода и температура воздуха слишком низкая, семена не будут нормально прорастать даже на хорошей пашне. 3. Write an annotation on the theme: «Seedbed preparation». Unit 6 Grammar Revision: Infinitive (Part II) Text A: Soil Text B: Soil Water Инфинитив (Infinitive) В функции подлежащего Если предложение начинается с инфинитива, за которым следует глагол-сказуемое, то этот инфинитив является подлежащим, и переводится на русский язык глаголом в неопределенной форме или существительным. В функции обстоятельств цели и следствия Инфинитив (или инфинитивная группа, т. е. инфинитив с уточняющими его словами), находясь в начале предложения, может выполнять и другую функцию: он может быть не подлежащим, а обстоятельством цели. Такой инфинитив часто вводится союзом in order (чтобы, для того чтобы). Однако союз in order часто опускается, и тогда предложение начинается с инфинитива (или инфинитивной группы). При переводе на русский язык перед таким инфинитивом следует добавить союз чтобы. Итак, инфинитив в начале предложения переводится на русский язык либо неопределенной формой глагола (если это инфинитив в функции подлежащего), либо неопределенной формой глагола с союзом чтобы (если это инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели). Сравните: 1. То create jobs for young people means to lower juvenile delinquency. 2. To create jobs for young people the government allocated additional means. Следовательно, обнаружив в начале предложения инфинитив, надо сначала попытаться перевести его, не добавляя союза чтобы (в первом примере: «Создавать рабочие места для молодежи означает снижать уровень преступности среди молодежи»). Если это не удается (во втором примере), значит, следует добавить союз чтобы: «Чтобы создать рабочие места для молодежи, правительство выделило дополнительные средства». Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели может находиться не только в начале предложения, но и после дополнения или обстоятельства, причем союз in order и в этом случае часто опускается. Инфинитив в предложении выполняет также функцию обстоятельства следствия и переводится неопределенной формой русского глагола с союзом чтобы (для того чтобы) после слов enough (достаточно) и too (слишком). Например: The average wage in this industry is high enough to attract workers from other industries. The wage in this enterprise is too low to attract qualified workers. Средняя заработная плата в этой отрасли достаточно высока для того, чтобы привлечь рабочих из других отраслей. Заработная плата на этом предприятии слишком низкая, чтобы привлечь квалифицированных рабочих. Инфинитивный оборот «for +существительное / местоимение + инфинитив» Оборот «for + существительное (личное местоимение в объектном падеже) + инфинитив» является в предложении подлежащим, если употребляется после слов it is necessary / important / possible и т.п. или обстоятельством следствия после слов too (слишком), enough (достаточно) или обстоятельством цели. Во всех случаях инфинитивный оборот соответствует русскому придаточному предложению с союзом чтобы, а инфинитив в таком придаточном предложении переводится сказуемым. Например: It is necessary for society to allocate resources sparingly. The production costs in the enterprise are too high for it to work profitably. В функции определения Инфинитив или инфинитивная группа, следующие за существительным, могут являться определением к этому существительному. Инфинитив в функции определения может переводиться на русский язык различными способами: 1. Инфинитив переводится неопределенной формой русского глагола. 2. Инфинитиву соответствует в русском языке определительное придаточное предложение, начинающееся словами который будет или который должен. Сказуемое такого придаточного предложения обозначает действие, которое должно произойти в будущем. Инфинитив, переводимый придаточным предложением, чаще всего имеет пассивную форму (to be used, to be produced и т. п.). TheGrossNationalProductperheadisanimportantcharacteristictobeconsideredindetermininglivingstandards. –Валовой национальный продукт на душу населения – это важная характеристика, которая должна приниматься во внимание при определении уровня жизни. Инфинитиву соответствует в русском языке определительное придаточное предложение, начинающееся словами который может. Сказуемое такого придаточного предложения обозначает действие, которое можно произвести с определяемым существительным. Инфинитив имеет, как правило, пассивную форму. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive as a subject. 1. To study botany is necessary for future agronomists. 2. To plow, sow and cultivate the soil is very important for obtaining good yield. 3. To apply organic matter to the soil means to improve soil productivity. 4. To classify farm crops agronomically according to their use is very important. 5. To develop new variety of this crop was very difficult. 6. To increase the yield of the crop was the main problem of plant breeders. 7. To find new uses of plants is very important for scientists. 8. To study the structure of the plant is the first task of any agriculturist. Translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive. To develop good tubers potatoes need sandy or sandy loam soil. 2. Fine soils can store enough moisture for crops to grow normally. 3. To produce high yields crop plants require an adequate supply of plant nutrients and water. 4. Crops also require minerals in order to grow well. 5. The climate of this area is too cold to cultivate corn. 6. To apply fertilizers is the most usual practice in cultivating most crops. 7. For soil to produce good crops, it should be not too acid or too alkaline. 8. In order to improve the structure of this soil we must supply it with organic matter. 9. To get good results the plant grower must know the properties of the soil cultivated. 10. To prepare the proper seedbed is very important for obtaining good results. 11. The soils in our region are too heavy to provide normal development of tubers. 12. Legumes can be grown to improve soil fertility. 13. For soil moisture to be high enough irrigation is often necessary. Text A Vocabulary list heavy soil – тяжелая почва light soil – легкая почва clay loam – глинистая почва sandy soil – песчаная почва acid soil – кислая почва alkaline soil – щелочная почва fine soil – мелкоструктурная почва particle – частица organic matter – органическое вещество prepare – готовить quantity – количество loam soil – суглинистая почва volume – объем to arrange – располагаться, устраивать(ся) erosion – эрозия constituent – составная часть coarse – грубый крупнозернистый moist – влажный oxidation – окисление hydrogen – водород abundant – обильный, изобильный water-holding capacity – влагоемкость provided – при условии rich in – с высоким содержанием to meet the needs – удовлетворять потребности 1. Read and translate the text. Soil Being less important than climate soil properties are essential in determining which crop to grow. Texture of a soil refers to the size of its particles. Soils range from pure sands to pure clays. The principle textural classes are sand, sandy loam, clay loam and loam. A soil with a large proportion of clay particles is usually called a heavy soil, and the one with a large proportion of sand – a light soil, two types differing greatly in the easy cultivation. Soil structure refers to the manner in which the particles are arranged. An aggregated or compound structure favours good seedbed preparation, easy cultivation and protection from the wind and water erosion. Aggregated structure normally is found in soils rich in organic matter. Among soil constituents water is the most important one. The finer the soil particles, the more water the soil holds. Extremely coarse sandy soils are unable to store moisture in sufficient amounts for crops to grow well. Air which makes up from 20 to 25 per cent by volume of an ordinary moist soil, supplies oxygen necessary for root growth and for oxidation of organic matter and other soil constituents. To grow well crop plants need an adequate supply of plant nutrients during the growing. About 25 or 30 chemical elements are found in plants, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen being most abundant. The essential mineral elements that are present in plants are most frequently deficient in soils are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. But in order to grow normally crops also absorb considerable quantities of other minerals, such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur. Good soils contain adequate amounts of available nutrients to meet the needs of a crop plant for normal growth. They are too acid or too alkaline to produce good growth. In general, fertile soils with a good water-holding capacity are favorable for the growth of the most important crop plants. Some soils may have an especially wide range of crop adaptation. However, to apply additional fertilizer is usually a good practice even on the best soil, provided growing conditions are favorable. 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text. … of a soil refers to the size of its … . 2. A soil with a large proportion of … particles is called a … soil. 3. Extremely … … soils are unable to store moisture in sufficient amounts for … to grow well. 4. To grow well crop plants need an adequate supply of … … during the growing period. 5. Fertile soils with a good … … … are favorable for the growth of crops. 6. To … additional … is usually a good practice even on the best soil. 7. … … are essential in determining which crop to grow. 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements. (True or False) The principal textural classes of soil are sand, clay loam and loam. 2. A soil with a large proportion of clay particles is called a light soil, and the one with a large proportion of sand – a heavy soil. 3. Aggregated structure normally is found in soil rich in organic matter. 4. The finer the soil particles, the less water the soil holds. 5. Air usually makes up from 40 to 60 per cent by volume of an ordinary moist soil. 6. About 25 to 30 chemical elements are found in plants, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium being most abundant. 7. In order to grow well crops also don’t absorb considerable quantities of calcium, magnesium and sulphur. 4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Есть тяжелые и легкие почвы. 2. Основные типы почв – песчаные, суглинистые и глинистые. 3. Почвы имеют различную структуру. 4. Воздух снабжает растения кислородом. 5. Чтобы хорошо расти, растениям требуются питательные вещества. 6. Текстура почвы определяется размером почвенных частиц. 7. По текстуре почвы классифицируются на тяжелые (с большим количеством глинистых частиц) и легкие (с большим количеством песка). 8. Почвенная структура зависит от расположения почвенных частиц. 9. Плодородные почвы содержат достаточное количество питательных веществ, которые поглощаются растениями через корни. 10. Полезно применять удобрения даже на плодородных почвах. 5. Answer the following questions. What classes of soils do you know? 2. What is soil structure? 3. What do plants absorb from the soil? 4. What do plants obtain from the air? 5. What are the most important mineral elements required for plant growth? 6. Why can plants grow well on fertile soils? 7. Should fertilizers be applied to fertile soils? |