Агрономического профиля
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The advantages of crop rotation Many advantages may be given for the use of a properly planned crop rotation scheme. Among these are the following. Different crops require different amounts of plant nutrients. A diversity of crops is of value in the maintenance of fertility, since the drain is not so great on any nutrients. The use of a cultivated crop in the rotation aids in weed, insect, and disease control. Without a rotation, weedy plants, insects and diseases tend to become more numerous, since there is less check to their continued increase in population. The growing of legumes in the rotation helps to increase the nitrogen content of the soil, as properly inoculated legumes take nitrogen from the air. Rotations that include sod crops aid in the control of erosion. The sod greatly slows the movement of water and may be interspersed with cultivated areas to prevent erosion. Crop residues may be returned to the soil to aid in the maintenance of organic matter. It is desirable that straw produced on the farm be returned in the manures. Stubble and other crop residues may be plowed under to advantage on most farms. 2. In which paragraphs of the text there is information: a) about the aim of using tilled crops in crop rotation; b) why many grain manufactures suffer losses during harvesting; c) about the role of stubble and plant residues. 3. Comment on the role of legumes in crop rotation. 4. Say what new information you have learnt about crop rotation. Unit 12 Grammar Revision: Gerund Text A: Fertilizers and their Application Text B: Crop Requirements Герундий (Gerund) Герундий – неличная форма глагола, имеет свойства как глагола, так и существительного. Подобной формы в русском языке нет. Герундий может переводиться на русский язык существительным, глаголом в личной форме или неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием. Герундий образуется от основы глагола с помощью суффикса -ing:totranslate – translating,toread – reading. Таблица 5 – Формы герундия
Формы герундия совпадают с формами Participle I и Perfect Participle. Однако, это разные формы глагола, отличающиеся и по значению и по синтаксическим функциям. Формы Indefinite Gerund обозначают действия, одновременные с действием, выраженным глаголом-сказуемым. He likes inviting friends to his place. – Онлюбитприглашатьдрузейксебе. Helikes beinginvited tohisfriends. –Он любит, когда его приглашают к себе его друзья. Перфектные формы герундия (Perfect Gerund) обозначают действия, предшествующие действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. He is proud of having invited this man to his place. – Онгордитсятем, чтопригласилэтогочеловекаксебе. He was proud of having been invited to the party. – Онгордилсятем, чтоегопригласилинавечер. Функции герундия в предложении 1. Подлежащее: Obtaining oil is no simple matter. – Добыча нефти – не легкое дело. 2. Часть сказуемого: Large ice masses stopped advancing. – Крупные массы льда прекратили движение. 3. Дополнение: These minerals are worth extracting. – Эти минералы стоит добывать. 4. Определение: Improved methods of observing atmosphere are developed. – Разрабатываются усовершенствованные методы наблюдения за атмосферой. 5. Обстоятельство: Afterwatchingthemovementofcloudswedeterminedwinddirection. – Наблюдая за движением облаков мы определили направление ветра. 1. Comment on the forms and functions of the Gerund. 1. Glaciers are capable of carrying great loads of rock debris. 2. Plants and animals derive energy by using atmospheric oxygen to convert carbon in their foods to carbon dioxide. 3. Grain size usually gives an indication of the rate of cooling. 4. Today standards of living in Northern Europe are among the highest in the world. 5. Over one half of the people who live in Southern Asia are involved in farming. 6. The polar regions are too cold for farming. 7. However, extracting oil in cold conditions would present extra problems. 8. Many small fishing ports had to stop fishing. 9. To bring oil from northern Alaska involved building through protected areas and national parks. 10. Industry does not just mean making things. 11. Farming has used more machinery and needed a smaller labour force. 2. Analyze the following ing-forms. State whether they are participles or gerunds. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. Applying fertilizers, we may essentially increase the yield. 2. Farmers applying fertilizers to this crop usually obtain good results. 3. Farmers applying proper fertilizers, the yields are usually much higher. 4. Having applied the soil with organic matter, the collective farm obtained a good yield of small grains. 5. Being adapted to potato growing, these sandy loams will produce tubers of the highest quality. 6. Among the factors influencing crop production climate is the most important one. 7. Preparing the seedbed is one of the important operations in crop growing. 8. Planting the seed, we use farm machines in order to make the work easier. Text A Vocabulary list to remove – выносить commercial – торговый, коммерческий fertile – плодородный fertility – плодородие to fertilize – удобрять, вносить удобрение fertilizer – удобрение to apply – вносить, применять soluble – растворимый injury – повреждение top dressing – поверхностное внесение, подкормка side dressing – боковая подкормка (междурядная) to follow – следовать liquid – жидкий granulated – гранулированный leaching – выщелачивание conversion – превращение unavailable – недоступный to cause – вызывать evenly – равномерный lime – известь soil acidity – кислотность почвы to be subject – быть подверженным, подвергаться to ensure – гарантировать, обеспечивать injury – повреждение row crops – пропашные культуры companion crop – сопутствующая культура 1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian: salt injury, to become deficient, commercial fertilizer, to improve soil fertility, soluble fertilizers, to apply fertilizers, soil surface, broadcast application, to be subject to leaching, top dressing, side dressing, poor seed development, lime, soil acidity, at any stage of the growth. 2. Read the text and translate it into Russian. Fertilizers and their Application As crops are known to remove nutrients from the soil, the latter may become deficient in some elements. Application of commercial fertilizer is to improve soil fertility and to ensure better quality of the crops to be grown. Fertilizers are usually classified according to the food element which forms their main constituent. So, they may be grouped as nitrogenous fertilizers and so on. To be effective, fertilizers should be applied where and when the plant needs them. Single yearly applications were found to be insufficient for some crops, being unnecessary for others. Young growing plants should not be given concentrated, highly soluble fertilizers because of salt injury. To make repeated applications throughout the season is of great use in case of perennials or long-season annuals. There are various methods of fertilization. Broadcast application means spreading the material uniformly over soil surface, usually before the crop is planted. Sometimes the fertilizer is placed directly over the growing crop, which is known as top dressing. When plants are subject to injury fertilizers can be put alongside the plants as a side-dressing, the latter being often made along with cultivation. Sometimes a mixed fertilizer containing two or more fertilizer elements is to be applied, the time of placement being highly essential. Mixtures with low amount of nitrogen are usually applied to the soil before or during planting, followed by a top dressing or side-dressing with a liquid or granulated nitrogen fertilizer. Winter cereals usually receive a top dressing in the spring. Row crops, such as corn, receive a side dressing after the plants made some growth. With many crops nitrogen is applied several times during the growing season because it is known to be subject to leaching and conversion to unavailable forms. But one should not forget that too much nitrogen tends to cause lodging, late maturity, poor seed development in some crops, and greater fertilizers are considered to be most effective when they are applied before the crop is sown, so that they can be worked into the soil and be evenly distributed by plowing. Lime used to correct soil acidity can be applied at any time of the year and to a crop at any stage of the growth. 3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words from the text. 1. … fertilizers are of great use for plants but they should not be applied at a very high rate. 2. The method of spreading fertilizers uniformly over the soil surface is called … . 3. Sometimes nitrogen is applied several times during the growing season … … leaching. 4. Broadcasting, top dressing and side-dressing are known as different methods of … . 5. As growing crops remove plant nutrients from the soil … … requires fertilization. 6. Fertilizers are classified … … their main food element. 7. Lime may be applied to correct … . 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements (True or False). 1. Only nitrogenous, phosphoric, and potassium fertilizers should be applied for soil fertility improvement. 2. Too much nitrogen in the soil may increase plant susceptibility to certain disease. 3. Too little phosphorous in the soil may cause lodging of the crop. 4. Mixed fertilizers should contain not more than two fertilizer elements. 5. Perennial crops often receive fertilizers several times during the season. 6. Corn is usually given top dressing in early spring. 7. Soil acidity can be corrected by lime used at any time of the year. 5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the active vocabulary. 1. Внесение удобрений, как известно, улучшает плодородие почвы. 2. Удобрение нужно вносить тогда, когда растения в них нуждаются. 3. Иногда удобрения приходится вносить несколько раз в течение вегетационного периода. 4. Существуют различные методы внесения удобрений, главные из них внесение вразброс, поверхностная подкормка и междурядная подкормка. 5. Часто нужно вносить смесь удобрений, содержащую несколько питательных элементов. 6. Слишком большое количество удобрений может оказать вредное действие на почву. 7. Известь, используемая для исправления кислотности почвы, можно вносить в любое время года. 6. Name all known to you methods of fertilizer application. 7. Find key sentences in each paragraph of the text and use them for retelling. 8. Give the short summary of text A. Text B 1. Get acquainted with text B and answer the following questions: Can grain crops fix nitrogen? 2. What elements are most extensively used in the production of grains? 3. What elements are required in relatively small amounts? 4. What part of the plant is very rich in phosphorus? 5. Where is calcium found? 6. What is calcium essential for? 7. What element is necessary to the metabolism of crops? Crop Requirements The grain crops in general are rather heavy uses of the mineral elements. Unlike the legumes they cannot fix the nitrogen and for their best development use large quantities of nutrients. The elements most extensively used in the production of the grains are nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium. Magnesium is of considerable importance, but relatively small amounts are required. With the exception of soybeans, the grain crops as a whole are not high in their content of nitrogen, yet when considered on an acre basis the requirements are great. The seed is very rich in phosphorus, and we might therefore expect grain crops to respond to phosphorus-bearing fertilizers. Considerable calcium is found in the leaves of the grain plant and it is believed to be essential to root development. Potassium is known to be very necessary to the metabolism of crops. The grain crops on the whole remove large quantities of plant nutrients from the soil. The grain crops take large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil. Lesser amounts of calcium and magnesium are required. Even a crop like alfalfa requires considerable plant food, while buckwheat requires much calcium for its straw. In general, corn removes relatively more from the soil than the other grain crops. It is evident that corn requires a soil of high fertility. As a rule, corn is given the choice place in the rotation in order to provide it with the best possible opportunity to produce well. Flax, wheat and barley are generally given more favourable places in the rotation than rye, oats or buckwheat. Of the latter three crops rye is often grown on the poorer soils because of its ability to yield well rather adverse conditions. Buckwheat is a more specialized crop and usually is given a better spot than rye or oats. As indicated earlier, the oat crop is frequently grown primarily because if fits into many types of rotation and serves well as a companion crop for small seeded legumes and grasses. 2. Find in the last paragraph the sentences about the elements that are most extensively used in the production of grains. 3. Skim the text again and say: 1) which elements cereal crops consume in greater amounts and which in less amounts; 2) which of the crops remove more nutrients from the soil; 3) which of the crops produce good yield even under unfavorable conditions; 4) what crop may be a companion crop and may be included into many types of crop rotations. 4. Work in pairs, ask each other 3 questions on the text and answer them. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Учебное пособие «Курс английского языка для специальностей агрономического профиля» содержит конспект грамматического материала, представляющего особые трудности для студентов, изучающих английский язык в неязыковом вузе, а также набор практических заданий, способствующих усвоению этого материала. Текстовая часть пособия ориентирована на развитие навыков говорения, чтения и перевода оригинальной литературы по специальности. При отборе текстового материала в качестве основного критерия служила аутентичность текстов и их информативная ценность. Тексты пособия не адаптированы, взяты из современных источников и отражают богатство и разнообразие современного английского языка. В целом пособие позволит систематизировать знания об отдельных грамматических явлениях английского языка и сформировать навыки получения и обмена информацией в профессиональной сфере. СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Англо-русский словарь синонимов. – М. : Иностранный язык. Оникс, 2005. – 411 с. 2. Дроздова Т. Ю. New Student’s Grammar Guide : учеб. пособие для студентов неязыковых вузов и учащихся школ и гимназий / Т. Ю. Дроздова, В. Г. Маилова. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – СПб. : Антология, 2007. – 189 с. 3. Мюллер В. К. Новый англо-русский словарь / В. К. Мюллер. – М. : Дрофа. Русский язык медиа, 2008. – 945 с. 4. Новый англо-русский биологический словарь / под ред. О. И. Чибисовой. – М. : ABBYY Press, 2009. – 872 с. 5. Цебаковский С. Я. Кто боится английской грамматики? Учеб. пособие / С. Я. Цебаковский. – Обнинск : Титул, 2008. – 208 с. 6. Hornby A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English / A. S. Hornby. – Oxford University Press, 2005.– 509 c. 7. Википедия: свободная энциклопедия [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://ru.wikipedia.org. 8. Man and environment [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.environmentalpollution.in/essay/man-and-environment-essay-on-man-and environment/216. ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ Предисловие………………………………………………..3 Unit 1. ……………………………………………………….4 Unit 2. ……………………………...………………………12 Unit 3. …………………………………...…………………20 Unit 4. ……...………………………………………………28 Unit 5. ……………………………………………………...38 Unit 6. ……………………………..……………………….46 Unit 7. ……………………………………………………...55 Unit 8. ……..……………………………………………….64 Unit 9. ………………………………….…………………..73 Unit 10. …..…………………………………………….…..83 Unit 11. ……………...……………………………………..90 Unit 12. ………………………………...…………………..98 Заключение…….…...…………………………………….107 Список литературы……...……………………………….108 У ч е б н о е и з д а н и е Криворучко Ирина Сергеевна, Чуйкова Елена Владимировна курс английского языка для специальностей агрономического профиля Учебное пособие В авторской редакции Дизайн обложки – Н. П. Лиханская Подписано в печать 14.07.2017. Формат 60 × 84 1/16. Усл. печ. л. – 6,4. Уч.-изд. л. – 4,9. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ № . Типография Кубанского государственного аграрного университета. 350044, г. Краснодар, ул. Калинина, 13 |