А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for
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Translate these word combinations:
to control, to move, to send findings, head, disease, pain, hands, movements, patient, respiration, letter, heartbeat, order, vision, legs
the area can (be extended, be published, be pumped); the smell can (be covered, be entered, be felt); the vision can (be breathed in, be investigated, be complicated)
If the human being has a bad headache he often feels pain within the skull. But really the nerves through which pain stimuli pass exist mainly in the blood vessels and nervous system, but not in the proper substance of the brain. So the brain itself does not feel pain.
feed [fi:d] (fed, fed) v кормить(ся), питать(ся); feeding [fi:dirj] питание. The mother feeds her infant. Milk is the main feeding of an infant. obtain [ab’tein] v приобретать; получать; доставать. During our life we obtain much experience. develop [di’velap] v развивать(ся); обнаруживать(ся); появляться, разрабатывать, создавать. The patient developed a bad pain in the stomach. supply [sa’plai] v обеспечивать, снабжать; питать;/? питание; снабжение; запас. Blood supply may become decreased in some heart disease. response [ris’pons] n ответ; реакция. The response to the treatment was rapid.
condition, conditioned, unconditioned; protect, protective, protection; production, productive, produce; add, addition, additional, additionally; developed, developing, development
general, generalize; dependent, dependency; weak, weakness; insufficiency, insufficient; analysis, analyse; red, redness; infant, infancy
Text B. Conditioned Reflexes All the visceral and somatic reflexes including the protective, feeding and others are formed by various internal and external stimuli. These stimuli produce reactions not depending on surrounding conditions. The great Russian physiologist Pavlov called them unconditioned reflexes. In human beings the nervous system has the additional ability to form cortical associations which increase the range of reactions. This function is obtained by all the human beings and formed upon signalization, i.e. the process in which an ineffective reflex stimulus forms the same reactions as the stimulus with which it has become associated. Pavlov called these individually obtained reflexes conditioned, because they are developed only in connection with some other reflexes. It is through constant contacts of life that men develop many conditioned reflexes. They begin to develop already in infancy. During human development their number is much increased through training and education. In experimental conditions it was determined by Pavlov that many new conditioned reflexes to stimuli not supplied by Nature could be established in dogs. But such stimuli had to be associated with those which formed an unconditioned response. Pavlov determined that in higher animals it was in the cortex that conditioned reflexes were formed. LESSON 22 HOME ASSIGNMENTS I. Запомните факты, изложенные ниже: Do you know that
1. The ear is the sense organ of (vision, hearing). 2. The human being smells with (the nose, the eye). 3. The motor cortex controlling many body movements (becomes tired rapidly, is almost never tired). 4. The stimuli from different parts of the human body come to the brain through (the blood vessels, the nerve fibers in the spinal cord).
Прочтите следующие предложения, обратите внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и инфинитивов, стоящих после них. Ответьте на вопросы:
Неcannot have done it. Can he have done it?
He may have performed an operation on the heart.
Он не может это сделать. Не может быть, чтобы он это сделал. Неужели он сделал это? Он может быть (возможно) делает операцию на сердце. Он может быть (возможно) сделал операцию на сердце. Вы должны читать лекцию. Вы должно быть (вероятно) прочитали лекцию. 1. К какому времени относится действие, выраженное перфектным инфинитивом? 2. В каких предложениях обычно употребляется модальный глагол сап с Perfect Infinitive, и как они переводятся? 3. Как переводятся модальные глаголы may и must с Perfect Infinitive?
1. Can the patient have developed such a bad pain in the stomach after taking the medicine? 2. The infant is quiet now. Mother must have fed it. 3. The blood pressure may have decreased after the administration of this drug. 4. Can the investigator have drawn such a conclusion after a number of experiments?
provide [pra’vaid] v обеспечивать, снабжать (with); предусматривать (for); provided cj при условии (что); если только; в том случае, если smooth [smu:3] а гладкий; ровный; спокойный purpose [‘p3:pas] п цель fall [foil] (fell, fallen [fo:ln]) v падать, спадать; понижаться); to fall asleep заснуть; to fall ill with заболеть significance [sig’nifikans] n значение, важность quiet [‘kwaiat] а спокойный, тихий; to become quiet успокоиться drop [drop] и ронять; капать; закапывать (into); падать; и падение; капля though [Зои] adv хотя, тем не менее spread [spred] (spread, spread) v распространять(ся) |