А. М. Maslova Z. I. Winestein L. S. Plebeyskaya Essential English for
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Do you know that 1. each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days? 2. each leucocyte lives 4-7 days? 3. every day 200,000,000 erythrocytes are bom and the same number dies? CLASS ASSIGNMENTS ХП. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences: 1. It is known that blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Smirnov’s health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical exertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness.
1. How many days does each erythrocyte live? 2. How many days does each leucocyte live? 3. How many erythrocytes are born and die every day?
1. When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes shorter and the other, longer. 2. The pressure in the cranial cavity is sometimes increased as a result of the increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of the wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the inner organs and their functions.
1. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber.
the heart, the blood, the artery contract, pass, dilate, bring, pump, vary, beat, compose, work, consist of, discharge out, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry
Text D. The Heart Sounds When we listen to the heart we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some young persons before the age of 30. The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of the ventricles when the atrio-ventricular valves close. The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semi lunar valves close. The third heart sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricles. The first and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all the portions of the heart and often over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it is the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is heard loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sound is heard best over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard best over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspaces. The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound. The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and the doctors determine many cardiac diseases by heart sounds.
How many heart sounds do we hear when we listen to the heart? 2. When is the first heart sound heard? 3. When is the second heart sound heard? 4. At what moment is the third heart sound heard? 5. Where is the first heart sound heard louder? 6. Over the surface of what valves is the first heart sound heard loudest? 7. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 8. In which costal interspaces is the first heart sound heard best? 9. In which costal interspaces is the second heart sound heard best? 10. Which of the two sounds—the aortic or the pulmonic is louder normally? 11. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine? UNIT 2. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION Правила чтения: Буквосочетания ew, eu, ue; буква u после г, 1, j. Словообразование: Суффикс -ian; префиксы di-, a-, ab-, be-, com-, con-, pre-, de-, ex-, per-. Грамматика: Согласование времен. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения. в) discontinue, disorganize, discover, discovery, disconnect, disconnection r) absorption, become, complete, conclusion, exchange, perform, explain, prevent, decrease, depend, amount
psychology [sai’kobd3i], process [‘prouses], absorption [ab’soipjn], diffusion [di’fju.-3n], phenomenon [fi’nominan] (pi phenomena [fi’nomina])
observe [ab’zaiv] v наблюдать за; изучать, следить investigate [in’vestigeit] о исследовать isolate [‘aisaleit] v отделять, изолировать; выделять combine [kam’bain] v соединять; объединять able [’eibl] а способный, умелый; to be able быть в состоянии, мочь conclusion [кэп’к1и:зп] п вывод, заключение; to draw a conclusion сделать вывод accomplish [a’komplij] v выполнять; заканчивать; завершать exchange [iks’tjeind3] п обмен; v обменивать(ся) due [dju:] а обусловленный, должный, надлежащий, соответствующий; due toргр вследствие; благодаря, из-за, в связи с; в результате; to be due to обуславливаться solution [sa’l u:Jn] n раствор; растворение salt [so:lt] n соль prove [pru:v] у доказывать; доказать; оказаться transfer [‘traensfa:] n перенос; передача; [traens’fa:] v переводить, перемещать enable [I’neibl] v давать возможность (право)
investigate [in’vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells сказуемых: 1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.
Он сказал, что .. he lived in Kiev. mTrt he had Uved in Kiev’ I- he would live in Kiev.
■ будет жить в Киеве. 1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается: а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык? б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения? в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем? (см. стр....)
1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful. 4. It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.
to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth; on the basis of smth, to work on the problem
предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их; скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, а из 5-го — о газообмене. Text A. Sechenov and His Works on the Blood Gases I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) was a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology. The range of Sechenov’s scientific interests and the number of his research works are really great. 106 scientific works were written by him. In these works he included the findings which he had observed and determined before. Some of his research works were connected with the investigation of the blood gases and their role in the respiratory process. I. M. Sechenov isolated the blood gases and found out that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes. No physiologist had been able to do it before Sechenov. On the basis of his observations I. M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process. Physiologists of many countries who had worked on this problem before Sechenov could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration. So the accomplishment of the respiratory process is due to hemoglobin. I, M. Sechenov investigated the process of absorption of carbon dioxide by the solutions of salts. When he had completed his investigations, he proved that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved (растворяются) in plasma. The rest of carbon dioxide was combined with red blood cells. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs was due to the law (закон) of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air. When Sechenov had investigated this phenomenon, he was able to answer the question why oxygen passed into the blood from atmospheric gases during the act of respiration. CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
1. The doctor stated that the patient had pneumonia. 2. The surgeon considered that the patient would feel well in two or three days. 3. The professor found out that the patient had had tuberculosis two years before. 4. They came to the conclusion that the atmospheric pressure was an important factor for patients with cardiac diseases. 5. The researchers said that they had observed new phenomena.
No conclusions were drawn from this experiment. Никаких выводов не было сделано из этого опыта. What have you noticed while translating this model? 1. The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2, No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper extremities. 3. The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4. No human being can exist without oxygen.
the solution of salts, due to the transfer, due to the diffusion of gases, to accomplish the investigations, the accomplishment of this process, to come to the conclusion, to draw a conclusion, to investigate the phenomenon, to investigate the laws of diffusion
1. Выдающийся русский ученый И.М. Сеченов много работал над проблемой обмена газов в легких. 2. На основании многочисленных исследований ученые пришли к выводу, что циркулирующий объем крови зависит от изменений температуры воздуха. 3. Чем обусловлен переход углекислого газа из крови в легкие? 4. Ученый доказал своим коллегам (co workers), что его выводы были правильными. 5. На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов. 6. Вследствие увеличения физической нагрузки частота сердечных сокращений обычно учащается (accelerate).
1. I have already changed my method of research. Have you? 2.1 have already determined the findings of my observations. Have you? 3.1 have already completed my investigations. Have you?
1. The patient (to be) under medical care before the surgeon began the operation. 2. They (to isolate) the patient with the grippe from the others before they were infected. 3. My experiments not yet (to prove) anything since I started them. 4. We (to complete) our observations on the changes in the blood erythrocytes by tomorrow.
atmospheric, difference, pressure, alveolar, diffusion, substance, capacity, combination, carbonic, accomplishment, conclusion, venous
What do we call a person who 1. discovers something? 2. founds some new theories? 3. investigates some phenomena? 4. researches in some field of science? 5. observes some changes in the experiments? XX* Read and translate Text B. Remember the given data to be able to answer the questions: Text B. The Exchange of Gases in the Lungs The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli [‘aelviolai] of the lungs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes into the atmospheric air. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial (парциальное) pressure of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood. The transfer of oxygen from the atmospheric air into the blood is due to this difference of pressures. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood and this enables carbon dioxide to pass from the blood into alveolar air. The process of transfer of gases into the medium [‘miidiam] (среда) with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion. Hemoglobin is that substance of the blood which transfers oxygen in the blood. The oxygen capacity of the blood averages to 18-20 millilitres (ml) per 100 gr of blood. Carbon dioxide is transferred in combination with hemoglobin and as bicarbonic salts. The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin, that of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin — carbohemoglobin. LESSON 20 HOME ASSIGNMENTS 1 .* Найдите подлежащие и сказуемые в этом предложении. 2* Сколько в нем предложений? 3.* Какая зависимость между этими предложениями?
Б. Прочтите и сравните следующие предложения: а) I know my friend is not ill. б) My friend you know well is not ill.
1. We know well Servet was the first anatomist to describe the pulmonary circulation in the first half of the 16th century (1536-1538). 2. The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air. 3. The vital capacity of the lungs many physiologists have studied changes in some cardiac and pulmonary diseases. 4. The great English anatomist W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.
associate [a’soujleit] v соединять; связывать; [a’soujlit] а объединенный; тесно связанный passage [1paesid3] и проход; проток brealhe [bri:d] v дышать; breathe in вдыхать; breathe out выдыхать flow [flou] n ток, течение; струя; v течь; циркулировать decrease [di:’kri:s] v уменыыать(ся); спадать; понижать(ся) depth [dep0] n глубина fat [faet] n жир; а жирный; упитанный amount [a’maunt] n количество
associate, associated, associative, association; particular, particularly, particularity; change, changed, changing, changeable, exchange; connection, connective, connected; deep, deeply, depth
breathe, breathe out, breath, breathe in |