3. BRIDGE FAILURES Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the words from the boxes below. Bridge designs disasters materials analysis construction accurate |
The failure of bridges is of special concern for structural engineers in trying to learn lessons vital to bridge design, (1) __________ and maintenance. The failure of bridges first became a national interest during the Victorian era when many new (2) __________ were being built, often using new (3) __________ .
(4)__________construction needs scientific and (5) __________ calculations and detailed structural (6) __________ of the design in order to avoid (7) __________ . But still accidents happen.
civil structure suspension constructed collapsed completed
|
1) Egyptian Bridge in St. Petersburg, Russia, carries Lermontov Avenue over the Fontanka River. It replaced the one-span (8) __________ bridge that was of historical interest as a monument to early 19th-century Egyptomania. It was (9) __________ in 1825-1826 by two (10) __________ engineers, Von Traitteur and Christianowicz. Its granite abutments were topped with cast-iron sphinxes and hexagonal lanterns. An unusual feature was a pair of cast-iron gates featuring Egyptian-style columns, ornaments, and hieroglyphics, with many details of the ironwork covered with gold.
The original bridge, used by both pedestrians and horse-drawn transport, (11) __________ on January 20, 1905, when a cavalry squadron was marching across it. The present (12) __________ , incorporating sphinxes and several other details from the 19th-century bridge, was (13) __________ in 1955.
connection projects idea collapse built destroyed
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2) The Kerch Strait bridge is a proposal for a bridge spanning the Strait of Kerch between the Chushka Spit, Taman Peninsula, Russia and the Kerch Peninsula, Crimea, Ukraine. Currently (14) __________ is by car ferry between Port Kavkaz and Port Krym.
The (15) __________ of this bridge appeared first in early 1943 and was originated by Albert Speer. He hoped that the bridge would help organize the German invasion of the North Caucasus. The 4500-meter bridge was actually (16) __________ in summer 1944 after the liberation of the Crimea by the Red Army from the materials left on the site by the Wehrmacht. The bridge was (17) __________ within six months by flowing ice.
Since 1944, various bridge (18) __________ to span the strait have been proposed or attempted. The idea of a Kerch Strait bridge appeared again after the (19) __________ of the Soviet Union, but in 1994 the Russian and Ukrainian sides failed to finalize the project. Moscow mayor Yuri Luzhkov (1992 – 2010) was a vocal advocate for a highway bridge across the strait, expressing hope that it would bring the Crimeans closer to Russia, both economically and symbolically.
collapsed buildersenquiryreconstruct collapse trafficaccidentautomobile important company
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A bridge (20) __________ in Yekaterinburg, Russia, happened on September 6, 2006. The (21) __________ bridge that was under construction in the center of Yekaterinburg collapsed at the crossing of Shevchenko and Vostochnaya Streets on Monday afternoon. Three of 10 reinforced-concrete beams (= girders) of the bridge span above the railway fell onto the rail tracks. Traffic along Vostochnaya Street that is one of the main highways of the city was blocked. Railway (22) __________ was also paralysed. A total of 111 freight trains and 104 passenger trains were delayed. Changes to the train schedule caused big costs. However, the railway tracks had not been damaged.
Work to dismantle the other six remaining beams was conducted through the joint efforts of railwaymen and (23) __________ . The bridge beams were first separated from one another by slits and then lowered to the ground by means of emergency train jibs.
At first, it was said that possible causes could include a mistake made by builders, but this was unlikely because the contractor was a very reliable (24) __________ . But later an (25) __________ was organized to find out the reason of the (26) __________ and it was stated that a gross design mistake might have caused the collapse of the bridge. The bridge (27) __________ because construction works were conducted with a violation of a city-building codex. Also, director didn't send a bridge design documents for public examination and didn't receive an approval for construction of the bridge.
Then it was decided to (28) __________ the bridge as it was an (29) __________ element of transport infrastructure.
PartIII
(… адрес интернет-странички с видеороликами…)
1. ANCIENT BRIDGE BUILDING TECHNIQUES
(01:50)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a bridge?
Why do people build bridges?
When did people begin bridge building?
What were ancient bridges made from?
What type of bridges do you know?
Study the following words and phrases:
“to go on”, “practitioner”, “arch bridge”, “nail”, “to cover something with something”, “covering”, “to extend”, “landmark”.
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the parts of the video-track and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 00:07
What is going on in Beijing?
What is being demonstrated?
00:08 – 00:19
Fill in the gaps in the following text with the words you hear:
The (1) __________ of various art forms are in the (2) __________ capital to (3) __________ the (4) __________ . And (5) __________ let’s take a look at a (6) __________of bridge (7) __________ .
|
00:20 – 01:18
What type of bridge is being constructed?
How much time is going to be spent for its construction?
What is special about this bridge?
When did this technology appear?
Where are ‘covered’ bridges popular and why?
Why do bridges need the covering?
What is the other use of ‘covered’ bridges?
01:19 – end
What did ‘covered’ bridges serve as in ancient times?
POST-LISTENING__13._Find_any_other_information_about_the_Tower_Bridge_and_get_ready_to_tell_about_it_to_your_partner._3._THE_NEW_YORK_CITY’S_BROOKLYN_BRIDGE'>POST-LISTENING___Find_information_about_any_ancient_bridge_and_present_it_to_your_class.__2._THE_GREAT_HISTORY_OF_TOWER_BRIDGE'>POST-LISTENING
Find information about any ancient bridge and present it to your class.
2. THE GREAT HISTORY OF TOWER BRIDGE
(02:05)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a bridge?
Why do people build bridges?
Where is the Tower Bridge situated?
Study the following words and phrases:
“contractor”, “jubilee”, “to celebrate”, “centenary”.
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the video-track and answer the following questions:
What river does this bridge cross?
When was it built?
Are people allowed to visit towers?
What can people do there?
How long was the Tower Bridge under construction?
How many contractors were involved into the process of construction?
How many workers took part in the construction?
What are the interesting facts about the Tower Bridge? Complete the following table:
-
1977
|
|
|
The Tower Bridge was opened to the public for the first time.
|
1993
|
|
|
The Tower Bridge celebrates 35 years of welcoming visitors to its exhibition.
|
POST-LISTENING
13. Find any other information about the Tower Bridge and get ready to tell about it to your partner.
3. THE NEW YORK CITY’S BROOKLYN BRIDGE
(02:40)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a bridge?
Why do people build bridges?
What types of bridges do you know?
What are the main dimensions of a bridge?
Study the following words and phrases:
“to span”, “capacity”, “vehicle”, “to cycle”, “to designate”, “landmark”, “inhabitant”.
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the video-track and answer the following questions:
Where is the bridge situated?
What type of bridge is it?
What is its span?
What river does it span?
What does it connect?
What is its capacity?
What do tourists like to do?
What can be found near the bridge?
When was it constructed?
When was the bridge designated to be a National Historic landmark?
How many people live in New York?
How many tourists visit New York each Year?
How long has New York been the centre of commerce and finance?
Which site is recommended to visit if you plan to visit New York?
POST-LISTENING
Which facts about the bridge did you find the most interesting? Do you know any other interesting facts about the bridge? Would you like to visit New York and have a chance to walk through the Brooklyn Bridge?
4. TACOMA BRIDGE
(04:06)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a bridge?
Why do people build bridges?
Who takes part in bridge construction?
Who is responsible for scientific and accurate calculations?Who is responsible for accurate technological process of construction?
Study the following words and phrases:
“girder”, “inevitable”, “to abandon”, “to perish”.
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the whole video quickly and answer the following question:
6. What is shown in the track? (collapse of the Tacoma Bridge)
Watch, listen, read and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 00:26
7. What are the dimensions of the Tacoma Bridge?
8. How long was it under construction?
9. How long was it used?
00:27 – 00:42
10. What were the girders made of?
11. How tall were the girders?
00:43 – 02:43
12. What is shown in this part?
13. When did the first vibration happen?
14. What was the wind speed?
15. Who went on the bridge to have a look what was happening?
16. Could the collapse be avoided?
02:44 - end
17. Was the car empty when the collapse happened?
18. What happened to the remains of the bridge after the collapse?
POST-LISTENING
19. Why do you think the collapse happened?
20. What should be done to avoid bridge collapses?
5. THE BIGGEST SUSPENSION BRIDGE
(04:30)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a bridge?
Why do people build bridges?
What types of bridges do you know?
Study the following words and phrases:
“to span/spanning”, “to block”, “a rope”, “a deck”,
“a chain”, “to suspend”, “to level”, “anchor”, “to blast”, “frame”.
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the video-track a part by part and answer the following questions:
00:00 – 00:19
When did people begin thinking of travelling from Wales to Ireland?
What task was Tomas Telford given?
How old was Tomas Telford?
00:20 – 00:34
Fill in the gaps in the following text with the words you hear:
-
For the (1) __________ he arrived at man eye, Telford had a (2) __________ as one of the finest (3) __________ engineers in (4) __________ , be given this huge (5) __________ to (6) __________ the main coaching route between Britain and (7) __________ .
|
00:35 – 01:00
What type of bridge was originally planned to be built?
Why did Telford give up the idea of an arch bridge?
01:01 – 02:09
What was used to travel across river in ancient times?
What are the people shown in the track?
What do they want to do?
02:10 – 02:56
What process is shown in this part?
What is the aim of towers?
What should the bridge towers be made of?
03:05 – 03:48
How long is the tunnel that was blasted in order to anchor chains of the bridge?
What is found at the end of the tunnel?
How long are the bolts that join the chains with the frame?
03:49 - end
What did the new bridge help to do?
How long is the deck of the bridge?
How old is the bridge?
What is the capacity of the bridge?
POST-LISTENING
Summarize the information of the track and be ready to tell about the bridge to your partner.
Make a small text about the process of construction of a suspension bridge.
THE CLIFFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE 1
(05:00)
THE CLIFFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE 2
(05:00)
PRE-LISTENING
What is a ‘suspension’ bridge?
Do you know where the Clifton Suspension Bridge is situated?
WHILE-LISTENING
Watch the two video-tracks (video 1 and video 2) and do the following tasks:
Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?
-
a
|
The idea of the bridge appeared over 150 years ago.
|
T
|
F
|
b
|
The designer of the bridge was young.
|
T
|
F
|
c
|
The idea and the design of the bridge belonged to one and the same person.
|
T
|
F
|
d
|
The bridge was constructed in 1843.
|
T
|
F
|
e
|
The designer of the bridge liked it after the completion.
|
T
|
F
|
f
|
The tower of the bridge is the memorial to Brunel.
|
T
|
F
|
g
|
Over 30 years passed after the construction was finished.
|
T
|
F
|
h
|
Nobody was injured during the construction.
|
T
|
F
|
i
|
The capacity of the bridge is more than ten thousand vehicles a year.
|
T
|
F
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j
|
Only one text gives information about the age of Brunel.
|
T
|
F
|
k
|
The bridge is still in use.
|
T
|
F
|
l
|
The construction of the bridge was stopped because of the Brunel’s death.
|
T
|
F
|
m
|
Brunel’s original design of the bridge was a little bit modified after his death.
|
T
|
F
|
Which text (1 or 2 or both) …?
-
a
|
gives information about the person who introduced the idea of construction?
|
|
b
|
mentions the river that the bridge spans?
|
|
c
|
mentions the place the bridge is located?
|
|
d
|
gives information about the age of Brunel?
|
|
e
|
gives the date of the beginning of the construction?
|
|
f
|
mentions the organization which decided to make a memorial to Brunel?
|
|
g
|
mentions animals?
|
|
h
|
gives information about tragedies during the construction?
|
|
i
|
gives information about capacity of the bridge.
|
|
Complete the following table:
the Clifton Suspension Bridge
-
a
|
Name of a person who introduced the idea of the bridge construction.
|
|
b
|
The year of introduction of the idea of the bridge construction.
|
|
c
|
Name of the designer of the bridge.
|
|
d
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Type of the bridge.
|
|
e
|
Place of construction.
|
|
f
|
River that the bridge spans.
|
|
g
|
Year of the beginning of the construction.
|
|
h
|
Year of the end of the construction.
|
|
i
|
Capacity of the bridge.
|
|
POST-LISTENING
Make a small text about the process of construction of a suspension bridge.
Summarize the information and be ready to speak about the Clifton Suspension Bridge.
17. ANCIENT STRUCTURES
Part I
Do you know the word ‘ancient’? What does it mean? What ancient structures built all over the world do you know? Read the following text and choose the best title (A, B, C)
-
A
|
Good jobs and good pay
|
B
|
Ancient engineering
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C
|
The rulers of China and Egypt
|
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA was built across northern China to protect the population. Before the third century BC there were lots of smaller walls and these were joined together to make one long, defensive wall. The work was done by enormous gangs of forced labourers and many of them died doing the work. The wall is over 2000km long, 3.5m high, and 4.5m wide at the top. It is made of earth covered with stone.
THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS are a famous symbol of ancient Egypt. The stone structures were usually tombs for pharaohs. The pyramids have square bases with sloping sides which meet at an apex. The first pyramid was built in about 2600 BC and is over 140m high. One of the biggest pyramids is made of enormous stone blocks which weigh up to 200 tonnes each. It is estimated that 20-25,000 people worked for 20 years to build each pyramid.
* (the text is from: “Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.2)
|
Read the text again and find the English equivalents to the following expressions:
- … для защиты населения …
- … были соединены вместе …
- … защитная стена …
- … длиной более … километров …
- … высотой … метров …
- … шириной … метров …
- … это сделано из …
- … знаменитый символ …
- … каменные сооружения …
- … квадратная основа …
- … сходящиеся в вершине стороны …
- … каменные блоки …
Use the information in the text to answer the questions (1-6) below about 1) The Great Wall of China and 2) the first pyramid in Egypt.
-
|
|
The Great Wall of China
|
The first pyramid in Egypt.
|
1
|
Where is it?
|
|
|
2
|
What is it?
|
|
|
3
|
When was it built?
|
|
|
4
|
What is it made of?
|
|
|
5
|
Who built it?
|
|
|
6
|
How big is it?
|
|
|
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.3)
5. Answer the following questions about the text.
-
1.
|
What is the aim of a defensive wall?
|
2.
|
What does the word ‘population’ mean?
|
3.
|
Who built enormous structures in ancient times?
|
4.
|
What are the measurements of the Great Wall of China?
|
5.
|
What are the pyramids?
|
6.
|
What were the pyramids used for?
|
7.
|
What are the pyramids made of?
|
8.
|
How heavy are the stone blocks?
|
9.
|
How long did it take to build one pyramid?
|
Read the text again and decide if the sentences (1-5) below are true (T) or false (F).
-
1
|
The Great Wall of China was to keep people safe.
|
T
|
F
|
2
|
Building the Great Wall was easy for the workers.
|
T
|
F
|
3
|
The Pyramids were built before the Great Wall of China.
|
T
|
F
|
4
|
Pyramids are lots of different shapes.
|
T
|
F
|
5
|
The Egyptian pyramids were built to protect people.
|
T
|
F
|
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.4)
Match the highlighted words in the text with the definitions (1-5) below.
-
1
|
A place where people are buried.
|
|
2
|
The top or highest part of something.
|
|
3
|
Protecting somebody against attack.
|
|
4
|
People who do hard physical work outdoors.
|
|
5
|
All the people who live in a country.
|
|
* (“Engineering” Workshop by Lindsey White, OUP; Unit 21, pg.24, ex.5)
Give synonyms from the text to the following words.
-
1.
|
very-very old
|
|
2.
|
to keep safe
|
|
3.
|
to put together
|
|
4.
|
well-known
|
|
5.
|
very-very big
|
|
Match the following words and make up as many word phrases as you can:
-
stone monument building civilization equipment structure famous square history local old engineering well-known tradition pyramid circle metal bridge ancient young female wall tower triangle position modern
|
-
ancient
|
|
defensive
|
|
symbol
|
|
structure
|
|
base
|
|
apex of a
|
|
population
|
|
Match the following words:
-
wide the population base engineering the Pyramid sides structure(x2) of earth wall blocks safe together symbol
|
1
|
ancient
|
|
|
8
|
square
|
|
2
|
to protect
|
|
|
9
|
sloping
|
|
3
|
to join
|
|
|
10
|
apex of
|
|
4
|
defensive
|
|
|
11
|
stone
|
|
5
|
over 5m
|
|
|
12
|
enormous
|
|
6
|
famous
|
|
|
13
|
to keep
|
|
7
|
stone
|
|
|
14
|
is made
|
|
11. Now complete the definitions (1-8) with the words from the module.
defensive apex enormous base labourer population ancient
to protect
|
1
|
A person whose job involves hard physical work.
|
|
2
|
To keep something safe, out of danger; to defend somebody.
|
|
3
|
The lowest part of a building (or any other structure) on which it stands.
|
|
4
|
It means ‘belonging to a period of history that is thousands of years in the past’.
|
|
5
|
The highest part of a building or any other structure.
|
|
6
|
It means ‘very big or very great’.
|
|
7
|
It means ‘protecting something or somebody from attack’.
|
|
8
|
The number of people who live in a particular area, city or country.
|
|
12. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Translate the idea, not a word for word:
1.
|
Parents always protect their children from danger.
|
2.
|
Safety equipment protects our body from damage.
|
3.
|
A hard hat protects you when driving a bike.
|
4.
|
Goggles protect our eyes while welding.
|
5.
|
Soldiers took a defensive position.
|
6.
|
Hard hat, goggles and gloves are defensive means of safety.
|
7.
|
How long is the defensive wall of China?
|
8.
|
Warriors were standing on the top of a defensive wall.
|
9.
|
What height is the apex of this Pyramid?
|
10.
|
The apex of this construction is over 140 meters.
|
11.
|
Sloping sides of a pyramid meet at an apex.
|
12.
|
The apex of the tower of this bridge is the highest one.
|
13.
|
The construction of the Pyramids involved manual labour.
|
14.
|
A lot of labourers died during the construction of the Great Wall of China.
|
15.
|
What is the population of your country?
|
16.
|
The population of this country has increased for the last few years.
|
17.
|
The population of China is enormous.
|
18.
|
This building has a square base.
|
19.
|
The Pyramids were built of stone blocks.
|
20.
|
Stone blocks for building pyramids were very heavy.
|
Check the knowledge of active vocabulary from this module with the help of
“ACTIVE VOCABULARY” section.
|
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