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Английский язык спецтексты для филологов
Questions to the text
When did Britain’s first regular television service open?
Why was the development of television interrupted?
Where did ITV derive its main income from?
What does the national company, TV-am, broadcast every morning?
Who produces national news programmes on ITV?
What was the IBA originally set up for?
Who does the BBC transmits programmes for?
Why did Sky and BSB merge to form a single new company?
What kind of channels form the main part of most people’s viewing apart from satellite television?
In what period of time did television develop rapidly the USA?
Exercise A. True or false?
Britain’s first regular television service opened in 1932, but was interrupted by the Second World War.
In 1955 Independent Television (ITV) began transmitting, at first only in the London area.
BBC 2 first broadcast in colour in 1967, and BBC 1 and ITV followed suit three years later.
The programmes of the regional companies are restricted to their own area, they are not nationwide.
Since the early 1980s, one of the most widely watched programmes has been the coverage of the annual Super Bowl American football final.
Most television production is in the hands of ‘the Four Three’
More than half of all viewers in the USA subscribe to satellite television, often referred to as ‘public access TV’ because members of the public are able to make or contribute to many of its programmes.
In the US cable was watched in only a minority of homes (only 275000 by t he late 1980s).
Exercise B. Finish the sentences.
Unlike the BBC...
Like BBC 2…
Until the end of 1990…
It was renamed the IBA in 1972, when…
When this change took place…
Much US television…
Whereas the ‘Big Three’...
Britain, by contrast, cable was watched in only a minority of homes, alt- hough…
Exercise C. Translate into English.
Впервые регулярное телевещание началось в Британии в 1932 году, когда Британская широковещательная корпорация начала передачу в позд- нее время четырёх короткометражных программ за неделю.
Развитие телевидения было прервано Второй мировой войной и во- зобновилось после неё, оказав своё первое воздействие в 1953 году, когда Би-би-си показала коронацию Королевы Елизаветы второй.
В 1955 году независимое телевидение Ай-Ти-Ви начало вещание, по- началу только в Лондоне.
В отличие от Би-би-си, которое накапливало доход от объёма продаж лицензий на телевизионное и радиовещание, Ай-Ти-Ви получало основной доход от коммерческой рекламы. Так всё остаётся и поныне.
В 1964 году Би-би-си начало вещание по двум каналам. Би-би-си 1 и Би-би-си 2, последний главным образом передаёт теледрамы, программы гуманитарной и искусствоведческой направленности, спортивные програм- мы.
Би-би-си 2 впервые начала цветное вещание в 1967 году, а Би-би-си 1
и Ай-Ти-Ви последовали примеру два года спустя.
Каждое утро национальная компания Ти-ви-эм освещает новости, транслирует текущие события по актуальным проблемам и развлекательные программы.
Как Би-би-си, так и Ай-ти-ви передаёт образовательные программы, включая передачи для школ.
Несмотря на возрастающую популярность спутникового телевидения, эфирные каналы составляют большую часть просмотров зрителей.
Большая часть телепродукции находится в руках большой тройки: вещательной компании Си-би-эс, национальной вещательной компания Эн- Би-Си и Американской вещательной компании Эй-би-си. К этим трём не- давно присоединись четвёртая – компания Эф-Би-Си, принадлежащая Ру- перту Мёрдоку.
Exercise D. Retell the text.
PART II
Lesson 8. Origins and Development of the Study of Folklore
Folklore is the generic name used to denote those traditional beliefs, supersti- tions, manners, customs and observances of ordinary people which have persisted from earlier into later periods and which, in fragmentary, modified or compara- tively unchanged form, have continued to exist outside the accepted pattern of contemporary knowledge and religion, in some cases down to modern times. Folk tales, traditional ballads, folk songs and proverbs also come under this heading and, by a recent extension of meaning, certain aspects of material culture original- ly excluded by definition.
The word folklore was introduced into English usage by W.J. Thoms in a let-
ter written under the pseudonym of Ambrose Merton which appeared in the Athe- naeum in Aug. 1846. In this he suggested that “a good Saxon compound Folk- Lore” could be more aptly used to describe “what we in England designate as Popular Antiquities, or Popular Literature ….” This suggestion was made only in passing, the main object of the letter being to arrange for the publication in the Athenaeum of notes concerning superstitions, customs, ballads, sayings and other traditional survivals “of the olden times” still existing in Britain. The word thus incidentally coined was quickly adopted and has since been absorbed into the lan- guages of almost all the European and transatlantic countries where the science of folklore (now commonly spelled without a hyphen) is seriously studied.
Interest in what would now be called folklore had, of course, existed long be- fore the subject acquired its modern name. The works of Herodotus, Livy and Plyny contain references to popular beliefs and practices in ancient Greece and Rome. In 16th- and 17th-century England, lively descriptions of traditional cere- monies, domestic and communal, occur quite frequently in books primarily con- cerned with other matters. Among these may be mentioned Philip Stubbes’s Anatomie of Abuses (1583), Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) and
Misson’s Memoirs and Observations in his Travels over England, first pub- lished in French in 1698 and translated into English by J. Ozell in 1719 John Au- brey recorded numerous superstitions and folk customs of his time in his Remaines of Gentilisme and Judaisme (a collection of manuscript notes compiled in 1686-87 but not printed in full until 1881) and in his Miscellanies (1696). Per- haps more than any of his contemporaries he had the true folklorist’s curiosity about such matters, and he was quick to observe that parallels to many of the ex- amples he gives had existed in antiquity. Henry Bourne’s Antiquitates vulgares; or, The Antiquities of the Common People appeared in 1725. This little book is memorable because, though short and, by modern standards, unscientific, it was one of the earliest attempts at a general survey of the traditions and seasonal rites of the English peasantry. It was later expanded by John Brand into the now much better-known Observations on Popular Antiquities (1777). Among other early writings dealing on the Antiquities, Historical and Monumental, of the County of Cornwall (1754), Peter Roberts’ Cambrian Popular Antiquities (1815) and Wil- liam Hone’s Every-day Book (1826-31) and Year-Book(1832).
The first recorders of British folklore were often men of leisure with an anti- quarian turn of mind whose curiosity had been aroused by survivals of ancient thought and habit in particular localities. Such survivals were commonly ex- plained as relics of classical or Druidic paganism, but this theory was rarely, if ever, checked by comparison with the folklore of peoples outsides the range of those religious traditions. The early 19th century saw the beginnings of a more se- rious approach to the subject. The striking similarity of customs, ideas and popu- lar tales in widely separated parts of the world then began to be realized for the first time, and the necessity for a more careful and detailed inquiry into the prob- lem of their origins was recognized.
In Germany, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm laid the foundations for the scientific study of folk tales and superstitions in their Kinder-und Hausmärchen (1812-14) and Deutsche Mythologie (1835; Eng. Trans. By J.S. Stallybrass, Teutonic My- thology, 1883-88). Thomas Keightley’s The Fairy Mythology (first published in 1828 and greatly expanded in 1850) included tales from the fairy traditions of al- most every European country and a few from outside Europe, systematically ar- ranged by regions and peoples. Unlike many of his predecessors, Keightley scru- pulously adhered to oral tradition in the presentation of his material, avoiding any origins both of the word “fairy” and of the widespread fairy creed. Another nota- ble British worker in the folklore field at this period was Thomas Wright who, in Essays on Subjects connected with the literature, popular superstitions, and histo- ry of England in the Middle Ages (1846), discussed, among other matters, the dif- ficult problem of the movement, separate invention and literary borrowings of folk tales.
Read the text. Divide it into logical parts. Find the topic sentence of each part.
Give Russian equivalents to the following English word combinations: ge- neric [dзe´nerik], to denote traditional beliefs, modified, definition, extension of meaning, pseudonym [´(p)sju:dәnim], aptly, designate, Athenaem [,ǽθi´ni:əm], to adopt, ceremonies, to absorb, compound, hyphen [´haifәn]; memoir [´memwa:], Judaisme [´dзu:de(i)izm], recorders of folklore, habit in particular localities, mis- cellany [mi´selәni], systematically arranged, survey [´sә:vei], leisure [´leзә], teu- tonic [tju(:)´tonik], essay [´esei].
Give English equivalents to the following word combinations: суеверия, манера исполнения, обычаи, соблюдение обрядов, сказки, народные песни, пословицы, быть введенным в употребление, поговорки, пережитки, созда- вать новое слово, приобрести (получить) современное название, содержать ссылки на народные верования и обычаи (ритуалы), современники, ранние попытки, сезонные обряды крестьянства, более серьезный подход к предме- ту, заложить основы научного изучения, предшественники, придерживаться устной традиции, литературные заимствования.
Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.
Retell the text, using expressions given in Task 3.
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