Биологические основы селекции зерновых колосовых культур 06. 01. 05 Селекция и семеноводство
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BULATOVA KULPASH MANSUROVNA Biological bases of cereals breeding Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Biological Sciences on specialty 06.01.05 – Breeding and Seedgrowing. Summary Objects of investigation were samples of genefund, regenerated, isogenical and breeding lines of wheat and barley (more then 3 th. samples). Aim of work: to develop and improve the elements of plant’s biological analyses in wheat and barley breeding process. Results of investigation: In the results of electrophoretic analyses of seeds protein of wheat collection samples and varieties, cultivated in the Republic 4 variants of specific high molecular weight glutenin “y” type and new variant of “x” type subunits under the control of D genome were revealed. The catalog of hordein component blocks, in which besides number of blocs are given their characteristics on relative electrophoretic mobility and position of cooperated bands in -, - and - fractions was revealed. Catalog includes descriptions of 30 blocks variants of hordein components of Hrd A locus, 36 of ones of Hrd B locus, 13 blocks of Hrd F locus and names of standart samples with definite block. According to this catalog hordein formulas of 757 genefund samples were constructed. Frequency of hordein coding loci alleles in genefund considerably varied and ranges from 36.9%to 0.1% for Hrd A locus, from22.2% to 0.1% for Hrd B locus and from 20.9% to 0.1% for the Hrd F locus. Considerable part of barley genefund collections samples (24.1%) is polymorphic on the state of hordein coding loci, 12.9% -on all 3 loci, 7.0% - on two and 4.2% -on 1 locus. By the disc-electrophoresis method with DDS-Na 3 variants of HMWGS of barley, termed as D1,D2 and D3 were revealed. Most widespread subunits are D1 and D2, subunit D3 was detected only for individuals. Analyses of HMWGS of wheat collections samples show, that glutenin coding locus Glu A1 is represented by the 3 alleles, controlling subunits 1, 2* (a,b) and silencing allele (c). Most part of collection sites has allelic variant “b”, responsible for the biosynthesis of subunit 2*, high ranged on grain quality. Locus GluB1 more variable on alleles number in the studied collections. In this locus were revealed 9 alleles (a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i) from which alleles “c” and “b” more distributed with frequency 55.7% and 26.9% accordingly. Genetic diversity (H) of investigated collections on the number and frequency of 3 glutenin coding alleles varied from 0.28 to 0.64. In a whole, more than 70% of bread wheat genefund material are value on quality according to the alleles of Glu A1 and Glu B1 loci, more than 50% - according to locus Glu D1 alleles. Among the samples of durum wheat were revealed carriers of 4 allelic variants of locus Glu A1, from them “null” allele (absence of low mobility subunits) and allele , controlled biosynthesis of HMWGS 1 are most widespread (59.8% and 23.8%, accordingly). For loci Glu В1 among the samples of durum wheat carriers of 5 allelic variants (d, b, e, f, h), responsible for the biosynthesis of subunits 6+8; 7+8; 20; 13+16; 14+15, accordingly, are revealed. In the durum wheat genefund of KazSRIA&PG genotypes with subunits 7+8 more distributed and form 59,1%, the part of carriers subunit pair 6+8, coupled with high pasta quality consist 14,8% samples. In a whole, more then 80% of durum wheat genefund samples are the carriers of value according to quality alleles of Glu В1 locus. On the base of storage protein spectrum similarity were selected, multiplicated and studied on the productivity elements, length of vegetative period, heat resistance and ability to the long-term conservation in genefund 34 lines of 9 spring barley hordein biotypes, including value forms for the early maturing and drought resistance breeding. Heat resistant spring barley forms more intensive accumulate in the 12 days old seedlings tissue free amino-acid praline and are stable on the relative activity of fast moving catod isoperoxidase (С100). Concentration of free proline and relative activity of some catod isoperoxidazes of 12 day old spring barley were used as a criterium of laboratory selection of forms resistant to high temperature of environment, the application for reception of KR patent « the way of two-level estimation of cereals heat resistance» is submitted, № of state registration 2007/0593.1. The level of free praline in grain of varieties and lines considarebly varied: it’s content is higher for early maturing samples comparing with late ripening forms. Active degradation of hordein during late ripening form seeds germination come on the third day, for early maturing – on 2-5 days later. On the base of development, improving and introducing the elements of plant biological analyses in to the breeding process of wheat and barley to the state variety testing (SVT) passed in co-authors 2 varieties of winter bread wheat and 1 variety of spring durum wheat, in upper chains of breeding processes at present there are tested 4 perspective for cultivation on bogar lands and irrigated conditions barley lines, 3 resistant to yellow rust lines of winter wheat, to breeders passed 233 hybrid lines of barley, perspective on heat-drought resistance, 52 resistant and immune to the pathogen of yellow rust hybrid lines with genes of specific resistance Yr9 и Yr15, 45 wheat lines F3-F4 generations with rare alleles of glutenin coding loci. |