История автомобилестроения. Методическая разработка по дисциплине Английский язык для студентов iii курса История развития автомобилестроения
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ГБПОУ «Московский технологический колледж» МЕТОДИЧЕСКАЯ РАЗРАБОТКА по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов IIi курса «История развития автомобилестроения» для специальности 23.02.03 «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт автомобилей»  Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов специальности «Техническое обслуживание и ремонт двигателей, систем и агрегатов автомобилей» по дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)». В пособие включены технические тексты и тексты для дополнительного чтения. Материал представлен для изучения и закрепления специальной лексики будущих специалистов. Оглавление
HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE Задание 1. Выпишите новые слова и словосочетания: full-size self-propelled vehicle – полноразмерное самодвижущееся средство передвижения to propel a vehicle – передвижное транспортное средство steam-driven carriage – экипаж, приводимый в движение паром three-wheeled carriage – 3-колесный экипаж conventional vehicles – обычное средство передвижения steam-engine – паровой двигатель to run at slow speed – двигаться на малой скорости internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания steam-powered engine – паровой двигатель four-stroke cycle engine – двигатель 4-тактовый battery-powered – питание от батареи pollute – загрязнять pollution – загрязнение exhaust – выхлоп gallon of fuel – галон топлива basic – основной clatter – стук, шум pump – качать brake – тормоз roller – каток gear-box – коробка передач burner – камера сгорания valve – клапан cam – кулачок fuel – топливо save – экономить ignite – зажигать Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст: The history of the automobile goes back several hundred years. One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by sir Isaac Newton about 1680. It was little more than a toy consisting of a steam boiler supplying a steam jet turned to the rear. However, the credit for building the first self-propelled road vehicle must undoubtedly go to the French military engineer, Nicholas Cugnot (Кюньо). Between 1763 and 1769 two steam-driven carriages were built and tried. In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage. In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gear –box. The first Englishman to build a full-size self-propelled vehicle for use on the roads and to obtain practical results was Threvithick (Тревитик). Between 1798-1800 he built several working models. Up to 1860 most of road vehicles were powered by steam engines which ran at slow speeds. In 1860 Lenior (Ленуар) of Paris built an internal combustion engine which ran on city gas, the gas being ignited by an electric spark. In 1866, Otto invented the type of four-stroke cycle engine which is used today. Slowly but surely the auto industry is perfecting a number of alternatives to the conventional engines found in almost all of today's passenger cars. Two prime factors lie behind the search for different engines - the necessity to reduce air pollution by requiring cleaner auto exhaust and the desire to produce cars that will run farther on a gallon of fuel. While basic research is continuing on electric and steam powered engines, it is the diesel, turbine and Stirling that are current industry favourites. Diesels get better mileage than gasoline engines, and the fuel is usually cheaper. In 1890's, Rudolf Diesel, invented the engine that bears his name. As air is drawn into the engine and compressed internal temperatures rise, and pressures reach two to three times those in a gasoline engine. The extreme pressures have meant that diesels usually are much larger and heavier than gasoline engines of the same power potential. The disadvantages of diesels as passengers - car engines are slow performance, noise and smoke. The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on any liquid that will burn, including such exotic types as peanut oil and perfume. This would be a major advantage if severe petroleum shortages develop. The turbine cars now operating are handbuilt models that cost more than 1 million dollars each. Alloys of precious metals of high durability are still required for certain vital turbine parts. Engineers believe that progress in ceramics hold the key to making turbines practical alternatives to present-day engines... The Stirling concept, first offered more than 150 years ago by a Scottish clergyman, involves external instead of internal combustion ... In the new design, hydrogen gas is heated by a burner, which can run on virtually all kinds of fuel ... Engineers point out that a Stirling engine would be quieter than an equivalent internal combustion engine, would emit less toxic gases, and would use fuel more economically ... Yet, there is still opinion in the auto industry that the conventional gasoline powered engine - the type in almost universal use now - will continue to dominate until or unless outside circumstances dictate otherwise. Задание__3._Answer_the_questions.'>Задание 3. Answer the questions. 1. Who made an attempt to propel a vehicle? 2. Who built the first self-propelled road vehicle? 3. What kind of carriage did the Russian inventor Kulibin build in 1784? 4. What did Kulibin use in his vehicle for the first time? 5. What were all road vehicles up to 1860 powered by? 6. What did Lenoir built in 1860? 7. How did an internal combustion engine run on? 8. When was the four-stroke cycle engine invented? 9. What are the main factors that are important search for different engines? 10. Why are these factors very important? 11. What are the disadvantages of diesel? 12. When was the Stirling engine invented? 13. Will electric cars replace the conventional vehicles? 14. What kind of engine will dominate in the near future? Задание 4. Выпишите предложения где говорится: a) o первых попытках использовать механическую энергию для приведения в движение экипажа; б) об основных требованиях, предъявляемых к автомобилю. Задание 5. Выберите утверждения, соответствующие содержанию текста. 1. The history of the automobile goes back... a) a hundred years; b) a thousand years; с) several hundred years. 2. Diesels are usually much larger and heavier than... a) gasoline engines; b) turbine cars; c) Stirling engines. 3. The disadvantages of diesels are... a) low speeds; b) noise and smoke; c) heavy weights. 4. The turbine and Stirling are multifuel engines, capable of running on... a) petrol only; b) peanut oil and perfume; c) benzene. Задание 6. Прочтите текст еще раз, обращая внимание на даты, цифры и связанные с ними факты. Выпишите эти предложения. Задание 7. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания: vehicle, mechanical power, self-propelled, was constructed, a steam-driven carriages, wheels, passengers, motor cars, issued, prosecuted, of gasoline engines, introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation, two-seated cars, efficient, international combustion engine, abolition, automobile industry, collect antique cars, advertisements. Задание 8. Закончитепредложения, используятекст 1) In …. a steam engine was built in Great Britain. 2) From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application… 3) The cars of that time were very small… 4) Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are… 5) The best collection-100 old cars of great rarity –… Задание 9. Расскажите об истории автомобилестроения, используя следующие выражения и глаголы: the history of the automobile mechanical power, a steam boiler, selfpropelled, vehicle steam-driven carriages, brakes, gear-box, steam engines, internal-combustion engine, air-pollution, diesel engines, turbine cars, Stirling engine; to go back, to propel, to build, to use, to obtain, to be powered by, to invent, to reduce, to produce, to offer, to involve, to dominate. Задание 10. Подберите к слову его описание.
Additional texts History of the automobile The Ford Model T (foreground) and Volkswagen Beetle (background) are among the most mass-produced car models in history. The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot. In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen. In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and a brake. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead–acid battery in 1859. In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single cylinder four-stroke engine. In 1913, the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company five years prior, became the first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line. By 1927, Ford had produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles. At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles became a popular alternative method of automobile propulsion. INVENTORS OF THE FIRST CARS Задание 1. Выпишите новые слова и словосочетания:
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст: Over the centuries, man’s way of life was changed by a relatively small number of discoveries and inventions. But changes have come more and more often since the steam engine was invented in 1765 by James Watt. In just two hundred years, man advanced from horsepower and candle light to aeroplanes and neon lams. Our ideas about travel have changed completely since Gottlieb Daimler and Charles Benz built their first petrol engine in 1885 and the Wright Brothers made the first flight in 1903. In 1897 Rudolf Diesel invented a new internal combustion engine. It is known as a diesel and it began a transport revolution in cars, lorries, trains and ships. The main advantage of diesels is that they run on rather cheap fuel. Charles Rolls was a British aristocrat and businessman, who was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce, a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car. At the beginning of the 20th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But in 1907 they managed to create the world – famous Rolls – Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models “Silver ghost” hadn’t changed greatly for 20 years since 1907. Samuel Colt, who was an American, designed and patented a pistol in 1836. It had a revolving barrel and could fire 6 bullets one after the other. It was the first pistol of its kind. Later there came many other pistols with 6 bullets. Samuel Finley Morse was a portrait painter, who became an inventor. For 12 years he tried to perfect the telegraph and succeeded in inventing the telegraphic dot - and – dash alphabet, now known as Morse code. Though there were some other codes in America in the 19th century, Morse code is used nowadays all over the world. Charles Makintosh was a chemist by profession. He worked in a textile industry and in 1823 he developed a rubber solution used for raincoat production. Raincoats with this rubber solution didn’t allow water to penetrate. These raincoats were called makintoshes and people use them in rainy weather. Some people say we live in the age of computers; but it is also correctly described as the atomic age or the space age. Today, a journey from London to Cairo takes hours. Only a hundred years ago it took weeks. Today, men think seriously of going to Mars. 50 years ago they only dreamt about it. Today we produce energy by splitting the atom. A century ago, no one believed it could be split. Due to inventions, technology has advanced so quickly that cars and televisions are out of date only a few years after they were made. |