История автомобилестроения. Методическая разработка по дисциплине Английский язык для студентов iii курса История развития автомобилестроения
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Задание 3. Соедините части предложения
Задание 4. Выберите продолжение предложений Changes in the man’s way of life have become more evident since the discovery of a pistol with 6 bullets; 1765; the birth of Edison, one of the greatest inventors; the first patented invention was registered. An invention is the case of finding something which existed before but was not known to people. It is often a place or a scientific fact; a difficulty that needs attention and thought in order to solve it; something that is finished or gained through skill or hard work; a useful thing or idea which is produced by scientists for the first time. The “Silver Ghost” model was famous for its reliability and comfort; created by Wright brothers; one of the best racing cars at the beginning of the 20th century. named after its creator Tom Silver. Due to the development of a rubber solution raincoats were called makintoshes; a transport revolution began; the production of waterproof raincoats was quite successful; raincoats became very popular. Задание 5. Поставьте предложения в хронологическом порядке. These two inventors managed to design the most reliable and comfortable car for the beginning of the last century. He invented the first gun with 6 bullets. This invention got its name after the inventor and is used in rainy weather. The invention of this engine gave birth to a large number of other discoveries and inventions. This invention is used nowadays all over the world though there were some other inventions on analogy in the 19th century. Last century was remarkable for the introduction of the laser, the proliferation of calculators and computers and a revolution in the telecommunication industry The main advantage of that invention was that it used rather cheap fuel. Задание 6. Допишите предложения, используя текст: Changes have come more and more often since… The main advantages of diesels is … Charles Rolls was a British aristocrat and businessman… Some people say we live …. Today men think …. Due to inventions …. Задание 7. Напишите, что изобрели эти люди: R. Diesel S. Colt C. Rolls C. Makintosh S. Morse C. Benz Задание 8. Заполните пропуски, изменив слова справа
Задание 9. Соедините слова из обоих столбцов, чтобы получились словосочетания, переведите их:
Задание 10. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Выпишите выделенные слова с переводом. Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic discovered during the 1880s that technologies for making self-propelled carriages and wagons had progressed dramatically. Soon sundry vehicles powered by steam, internal combustion engines, and electricity were rolling across Germany, France, and the United States. The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient; even so, for two decades it had many buyers. Lenoir's engine was a clear proof of concept to other inventors, especially in Europe. Nikolaus Otto, a German, was one of many inspired by Lenoir's technical and commercial success. Mechanically gifted, Otto sought to improve the Lenoir engine, and in the late 1870s he did. Otto's four-cycle design embodied features that would become standard in gasoline automobile engines. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare parts, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them. The Otto engine and the many clones it spawned, though intended to replace small steam engines in industry, inaugurated the era of the gasoline-powered automobile. Clearly, the compact internal combustion engine was a most suitable technology for the self-propelled vehicle. Karl Benz, also a German, employed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in 1885. These tri-wheelers, with a one-cylinder engine that developed 0.8 hp, were put on the market in 1887, perhaps the earliest commercial automobiles. In 1891 Benz added a four-wheel motorized carriage to his company's offerings. These automobiles sold well and were widely imitated. In the early 1890s, for example, Planhardet Levassoras well as Pfeugeot in France were peddling cars to the public. Henry Ford, however, was still a long way from building automobiles. Задание 11. Найдите в тексте синонимы слова vehicle. Задание 12. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, в соответствии с содержанием текста и переведите предложения. 1. Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic … during the 1880s that technologies … had progressed dramatically. 2. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption … and was … and … . 3. Otto's four-cycle design … that would become standard in … engines. 4. Motorists had to carry … and separate … , for there were no … or … to serve them. 5. The compact internal combustion engine was a most … for the … . 6. Karl Benz … his own Otto-type engine … a three-wheel carriage in 1885. Задание 13. Ответьте на вопросы и перескажите текст Who built the first practical internal combustion engine? Who improved the Lenoir engine? What era did the Otto engine inaugurate? Who introduced the First commercial automobile? Additional texts Karl Benz and Nicolaus Otto Benz, Karl (1844 — 1929) was a German inventor of the automobile, who devoted his life to making a horseless vehicle. When Benz's three-wheeled engine-driven machine (the first "car") appeared on I lie streets in 1885, people couldn't believe that it moved without the aid of horses. It was a great triumph to him because Benz built a new engine that was lighter and more powerful than any other. He put it onto a chassis and got power from the engine to the wheels. Benz's first car was a great achievement for him. Everything — the engine, fuel transmission, controls — had been developed and designed by him. The wheels were driven by means of a chain, and there were two speeds. In his early days the speed limits were 12 kilometers an hour outside the city, six - inside. Benz realized that he would never be able to improve his cars if this rule were not changed. He thought up a plan. He invited the Minister to ride in his car and agreed with a milkman that the latter would wait with his horse for them on a certain place. When Benz, with the Minister in his car, passed the milkman, the latter started off, passed the car at a good speed and laughed at them. The plan worked perfectly. The Minister ordered to go faster. But Benz referred to speed limit. "Never mind", said the Minister. Thus Benz won the day. Nicolaus Otto (June 14, 1832 – January 26, 1891) – one of the most important landmarks in engine design comes from Nicolaus Otto who in 1876 invented an effective gas motor engine—the first practical alternative to the steam engine. Otto built the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine called the "Otto Cycle Engine," and when he completed his engine, he built it into a motorcycle. In May 1876, Nicolaus Otto built the first practical four-stroke piston cycle internal combustion engine. He continued to develop his four-stroke engine after 1876 and he considered his work finished after his invention of the first magneto ignition system for low voltage ignition in 1884. Otto's patent was overturned in 1886 in favor of the patent granted to Alphonse Beau de Roaches for his four-stroke engine. However, Otto built a working engine while Roaches' design stayed on paper. On October 23, 1877, another patent for a gas motor engine was issued to Nicolaus Otto, and Francis and William Crossley. In all, Otto built the following engines: 1861 A copy of Lenoir's atmospheric engine 1862 A four-cycle compressed charge engine (prior to Rochas's patent) which failed as it broke almost immediately 1864 The first successful atmospheric engine 1876 The four-stroke compressed charge engine which is acknowledged as the "Otto" cycle engine. The term Otto cycle is applied to all compressed charge, four cycle engines. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor. He is believed to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle. French military engineer designed and built the world's first true automobile, a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle. After serving in the Austro-Hungarian army in the Seven Years' War, Cugnot returned to Paris in 1763 to devote his time to writing military treatises and tinkering with a number of inventions he had conceived while campaigning. He built two steam-propelled tractors for hauling artillery, the first in 1769, the second in 1770. The second alone survived and is preserved in the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, Paris. This vehicle's two-piston steam engine was designed independently of Thomas Newcomen and James Watt and was based directly on the theoretical descriptions of the French physicist Denis Papin. The engine in it was the first to employ high-pressure steam expansively without condensation. The carriage was tricycle-mounted, with the single front wheel performing both steering and driving functions. The problems of water supply and maintaining pressure severely handicapped the vehicle, which nevertheless proved the feasibility of steam-powered traction. Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir Étienne Lenoir, (born Jan. 12, 1822, Mussy-la-Ville, Belg.—died Aug. 4, 1900, La Varenne-Saint-Hilaire, Fr.), Belgian inventor who devised the first commercially successful internal-combustion engine. Lenoir’s engine was a converted double-acting steam engine with slide valves to admit the air-fuel mixture and to discharge exhaust products. A two-stroke cycle engine, it used a mixture of coal gas and air. Though only about 4 percent efficient in fuel consumption, it was a smooth-running and durable machine (some machines were in perfect condition after 20 years of continuous operation), and by 1865 more than 400 were in use in France and 1,000 in Britain, used for such low-power jobs as pumping and printing. In 1862 Lenoir built the first automobile with an internal-combustion engine. He had adapted his engine to run on liquid fuel and with his vehicle made a 6-mile (10-kilometre) trip that required two to three hours. His other inventions include an electric brake for trains (1855), a motorboat using his engine (1886), and a method of tanning leather with ozone. Gottlieb Daimler Gottlieb Daimler, in full Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler, (born March 17, 1834, Schorndorf, Württemberg [Germany]—died March 6, 1900, Cannstatt, near Stuttgart), German mechanical engineer who was a major figure in the early history of the automotive industry. Daimler studied engineering at the Stuttgart polytechnic institute and then worked in various German engineering firms, gaining experience with engines. In 1872 he became technical director in the firm of Nikolaus A. Otto, the man who had invented the four-stroke internal-combustion engine. In 1882 Daimler and his coworker Wilhelm Maybach left Otto’s firm and started their own engine-building shop. They patented one of the first successful high-speed internal-combustion engines (1885) and developed a carburetor that made possible the use of gasoline as fuel. The two used their early gasoline engines on a bicycle (1885; perhaps the first motorcycle in the world), a four-wheeled (originally horse-drawn) carriage driven by a one-cylinder engine (1886), and a boat (1887). The two men’s efforts culminated in a four-wheeled vehicle designed from the start as an automobile (1889). This commercially feasible vehicle had a framework of light tubing, a rear-mounted engine, belt-driven wheels, and four speeds. In 1890 Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft was founded at Cannstatt, and in 1899 the firm built the first Mercedes car. |