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Неличные формы глагола. Методическая разработка по грамматике для студентов II курсов всех специальностей Тверь 2006 удк 802. 0 801. 5(075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ. 2
Федеральное агентство по образованию
ТВЕРСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Кафедра иностранных языков
НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
Методическая разработка по грамматике
для студентов II курсов всех специальностей
Тверь 2006
УДК 802.0:801.5(075.8)
ББК 81.2Англ.-2
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для отработки навыков перевода наиболее трудных грамматических явлений, типичных для технической литературы на английском языке: инфинитива, причастий и герундия. Особое внимание уделяется словосочетаниям структурного типа. Предлагаемые задания нацелены на закрепление, тренировку и усвоение соответствующих грамматических конструкций на примере лексики, употребляемой как в учебных, так и технических текстах.
Учебно-методическое пособие обсуждено на заседании кафедры иностранных языков и рекомендовано к печати (протокол № 3 от 5.12.05).
Составители: Андрюхова Н.А., Добрякова Л.Е., Воробьева М.Ю.,
Гуменюк О.А., Смирнова О.В., Рысева Е.И., Сизова В.В.,
Торочешникова Л.Т., Явари Ю.В.
© Тверской государственный
технический университет, 2006
NON-FINITE FORMS
1. INFINITIVE
Форма Инфинитива
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Active
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Passive
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Способ перевода
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Indefinite
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to V
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to be V2
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действие в настоящем или будущем
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Continuous
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to be + Ving
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-
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длящееся действие
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Perfect
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to have V3
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to have been V3
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действие в прошлом
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Perfect-Continuous
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to have been Ving
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-
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действие произошло в прошлом и длится до сих пор
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Перевод инфинитива зависит от его функции (места) в предложении:
Инфинитив как подлежащее или сказуемое. Перевод: существительным или неопределенной формой глагола или придаточным предложением.
To live is to study.
а) Жить значит учиться. б) Жизнь - это учеба.
Инфинитив как определение.
Модель а) существительное + инфинитив
Перевод: придаточным предложением с союзом «который» в будущем времени и с оттенком долженствования.
The plans to be reconsidered are in the top drawer. Планы, которые должны быть пересмотрены, лежат в верхнем ящике стола.
Модель в) после слов the first, the second, the last и т.д. инфинитив переводится глаголом в личной форме.
He was the first to receive the results. Он первым получил результаты.
3. Инфинитив как обстоятельство цели или следствия. Часто в самом начале или в самом конце предложения.
Перевод: придаточным предложением с союзом «чтобы», «для того чтобы».
To discuss questions of ecology numerous conferences have been held by the independent environmental protection agencies.
Чтобы обсудить вопросы экологии, независимые агентства по охране окружающей среды провели многочисленные конференции.
 to speak to you.
to be speaking to you.
I am glad to have spoken to you.
to have been speaking to you for a long time.
to be told the news.
to have been told the news.
I remembered to have been told a lot about these rules, but I failed the main point of them.
Nature has many secrets to be discovered.
To prove the validity of the method he carried out many experiments. To see is to believe.
I think your group-mates to have been studying in the reading-hall since morning.
I am sorry your plan to have been broken unintentionally.
After the first successful demonstration of his invention the scientist started to perfect it.
When the apparatus was installed the operator could begin the calculation.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
The students were delighted to go on the excursion instead of the classes.
The teacher knows the students to be sitting in the lab.
I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance.
The very first thing you must do is to understand the statement of the problem.
I am sorry to have added some more trouble by what I have told you.
To be instructed by such a famous professor was a great advantage.
Nо one likes to be scolded for nothing. What is to be done to improve the situation?
We suppose these scientists to have been working at the problem of perpetual motion for some years.
She is very forgetful, but she doesn’t like to be reminded of her duties.
There are many things to be said in favor of, and a few against, the proposal to advance the clock by an hour during the summer months.
I know the machine to have been adjusted the new program to.
The tools to be used for this experiment should be very precise.
The tests are to be followed by data processing. Care is to be taken to prevent failure.
To dissolve this substance is difficult
He was the last person to do business with.
The road to be built next year will connect these two towns.
To master a foreign language is necessary for all the students.
Our scientists were the first to synthesize diamonds.
The problem to be discussed at the conference is of great importance.
To prevent corrosion metal must be covered with paint.
The electronic computers to be employed at our enterprises will have a great influence on the work of industrial engineer.
To maintain quality is a function of the foreman.
To gain maximum benefits modern industrial engineering must be capable of performing many services.
The workers must employ this machine.
The problem to be studied can be simplified by the use of experimental conditions.
The function of a boiler is to transfer heat to the water in the most efficient manner.
Mechanization is to be distinguished from more primitive tool use.
The design of a mechanism depends on the work to be done.
To use atomic energy for peaceful purposes is the tusk of our scientists.
It is very important to determine the degree of radiation during a flight.
The atom is a mighty force that is to be of a great assistance to a man.
The dog Laika was the first living creature to fly in the artificial satellite.
The child wanted to be taken seriously.
The engine to be installed in this car is very powerful.
She is too weak now to take her exams.
He was too polite to make any personal remarks out loudly.
The young writer was too tired to finish his play.
She is too happy to think of anything else.
2. COMPLEX OBJECT
Объектный инфинитивный оборот:
Д + инфинитив/причастие
Подлежащее + сказуемое
где Д – сущ. или местоимение в объектном падеже
Правило перевода: придаточным предложением с союзами «что», «чтобы», «как» после сказуемого.
We expect purification plants to protect the air from pollution.
Мы полагаем, что очистительные заводы защищают воздух от загрязнения.
I watched them planting green plantations.
Мы наблюдали, как они сажали зеленые насаждения.
We know this gas to be oxygen, also one of the constituents of air.
We watched the metal being poured into the forms.
The teacher wanted them to translate this text without a dictionary.
We see this scientific center grow day by day.
Knowing him to be good at math, I asked him to explain the rule.
We saw them making significant observations.
We know gravity to act on every particle of a body.
The experiments have shown the electrons to be particles of negative electricity.
We know the idea of space flights to have attracted attention of people since the remotest times.
He has often watched students doing this experiment.
Millions of people saw on their TV screens Soviet cosmonaut Leonov fearlessly floating in the open space.
Many of the compounds to be discussed are unstable under ordinary handling conditions.
There were many theories to explain the nature of gravitation but Newton was the first to solve this problem.
We know Newton’s laws of motion to be based upon his own and Galileo’s experiments.
Joule showed heat and mechanical energy to be interchangeable at a constant rate of exchange.
We know the effective force to be the sum of the two forces when the forces act in the same direction.
The scientists found beta-rays to consist of electrons.
We supposed all the details of the plan to have been explained to you long ago.
I want you to tell me everything from the time we parted yesterday.
Suddenly I felt somebody pull me by the sleeve and a strange voice whispered “Look here!”
He was so pleased that he ordered this entertainment to be continued for several days.
The known volatility and oxide forming properties of polonium metal require the reaction to be carried out in a closed system and ether in an inert atmosphere or in vacuum.
I was sitting quietly at my table when I heard something jump in at the window and then run about from one side of the room to the other.
It was evident she didn’t want me to know the truth.
He heard the professor say something to her junior assistant.
Most scientists expect major development in the nearest future to take place in biology.
The present-day situation forces more and more countries to start contributing to this field of research.
One will naturally think such course of events to be disastrous not only for science but for future of mankind.
This allowed the rules to be followed.
They could not tolerate other people taking up the problem which they had been investigating for so long.
Later we find Shakespeare using this style in prose dialogue.
One can hardly expect a true scientist to keep within the limits of one narrow long-established field.
This analysis permitted the problem to be tackled directly.
He felt someone watching him.
I heard him playing the piano.
I saw the driver opening his window and throwing a box into the bushes.
Would you like me to go now?
Nowadays we often see scientists moving from one field of research into another.
He is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows the man to be the least reliable of scientific instruments.
The students said different types of peat to have been tested in the lab.
They reported some kinds of peat to contain a large amount of calcium.
He wanted the arrangements to be completed early in the morning.
We cannot allow the goods to be examined carelessly.
I noticed him starting at the newcomer.
In fact, I heard him refuse that help.
Now he never allows anything to be done in a hurry.
I watched him removing the cover and looking inside the box.
Olive heard the side gate open and looking out of the window she saw John walking up the garden.
On entering the house, she saw her son walking up and down in an agony of doubt.
I know jet engines to have been operating under severe conditions for a long period of time.
3. COMPLEX SUBJECT
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
C  omplex Subject
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ
ИНФИНИТИВ
+ сказуемое +
Правило перевода: предложением с вводными словами или неопределённо-личным предложением.
Сказуемое может быть выражено:
Глаголами в пассивном залоге:
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Глаголами в активном залоге:
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Словосочетаниями:
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be said - говорят
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to seem - казаться
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to be likely - очевидно, вероятно
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be known - известно
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to appear - оказываться (по-видимому)
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to be unlikely- маловероятно
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be seen - видели
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to prove - доказывать, оказываться
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to be sure - безусловно, конечно
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be reported - сообщают
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to turn out - оказываться,
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to be certain- конечно, несомненно
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be expected - ожидается полагают/
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to chance - случаться
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to be uncertain - сомнительно
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Be supposed- полагают/предполагают
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to happen -случаться, оказываться
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Cars are certain to cause air pollution.
Машины, несомненно, вызывают загрязнение воздуха.
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be considered - считают, полагают
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Пример: Environmental pollution is proved to be significant obstacle to economic growth.
Оказывается, загрязнение окружающей среды является значительным препятствием для экономического роста.
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be believed - считают, полагают
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Be found - обнаружено
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be thought - считается
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Пример: Life on the Earth is known to be impossible without ozone.
Известно, что жизнь на Земле невозможна без озона.
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He is said to avoid all sorts of arguments.
He is said to have graduated from Oxford University.
He seems to mention the problem in the last chapter of his book.
He seems to have taken an advantage of the favorable conditions.
The story may appear to be oversimplified.
He appeared to have lost interest in physics altogether.
This scientist is known to be keeping in touch with the latest developments in his field of research.
He is known to have established a school of his own.
Science is known to affect the lives of people.
He happens to work at the same problem.
The work is likely to contribute to the solution of the problem.
He is sure to argue about it.
Deformation appeared to have no measurable effect of conductivity.
They seem to have applied strong ionization.
The Greeks seem to have manufactured the first lens.
He seems to know the rule well.
Your advice proved to be helpful.
Gold was proven to be unattacked by moisture.
The acid seems to dissolve the precipitate.
They are likely to change the position of this device.
The results obtained were found to be in perfect agreement with earlier findings.
The people from the Institute of Optics are known to work hard at a new device.
The new method is believed to have given good results.
The result was expected to agree with theoretical predictions.
The theory suggested by Dr. McCarty is reported to fit the experimental data.
Other gases were found to behave like air.
The interpretation was found to be convincing.
Dr. Meyer is supposed to arrive at 10.
Here is the substance that has been shown to possess the properties required.
They obtained what seemed to be a strong acid.
They built what is believed to be the greatest church of that time.
The bottle was filled with what appeared to be lemonade.
Water is considered to be a chemical element.
This student has never been thought to pass examinations.
He does not appear to know them.
This substance was not observed to possess radioactive properties.
This substance is believed not to exhibit radiation.
He does not appear to be concerned with the problem.
He was not expected to spoil the sample.
The human body is not likely to tolerate such temperature.
He is not believed to represent the majority.
The discussion is not claimed to cover the whole range of present-day research.
This equation may easily be demonstrated to be a first order equation.
This substance is seen through a microscope to consist of small crystals.
This method was considered by the author to be inaccurate.
The theory is discussed and found to be substantially in agreement with the experimental results.
This element was isolated and found to possess valuable properties.
There seems to be some confusion of terms in the paper.
There seems to be no practical limit to intensity.
There seems to exist a great need to experimenting.
4. FOR - INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION
Модель: for + сущ./местоимение в падеже + инфинитив
Правило перевода: Существительное или местоимение, стоящее после предлога "for" должно выполнить действие инфинитива. Часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзом "чтобы".
Пример: It is important for him to fulfill this task. Важно, чтобы он выполнил это задание.
For the reaction to take place two conditions must be met.
It is for you to analyze which of these two methods is wrong.
It is important for scientists to know the structure of the material world.
The tendency is for science to become more and more mathematical.
Eight minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
For the system to be correct it must only use well-established components.
The approach suggested for the problem to tackle was suitable for students.
For any natural physical state to change, some changes of the condition acting upon this state must occur.
The equipment is too complex for a common operator to control.
For two molecules to react they must be in contact.
The time required for amount of radiation to be reduced to half the original amount is different for different materials.
It was impossible for us to make this axle rotate without anybody’s help.
Watch the operator to work; this is the most important thing for you to do at the plant.
For the exam to pass successfully you have to work at your English during the whole term.
It is not quite difficult for students to work regularly.
The time required for a mass to come to rest can be calculated without difficulty.
The problem discussed is too complex for you to handle.
There is nothing for them to worry about.
The students were waiting for the assistant to adjust the device for work.
It is advisable for post-graduates to know at least one foreign language.
For а body to be set in motion an external force should be applied.
It was for him to give a report at the meeting of our Scientific Society.
A new way of mathematical analysis is the task for the group to solve.
Several weeks are in need for this process to finish its loop.
For the validity of a new theory to be proved a lot of experiments are to be carried out.
It is usual for a score or more of major new construction projects in a dozen countries to be under construction simultaneously.
During inflation there is a tendency for prices and wages to rise, that is, for the value of money to fall.
There are no reasons for the business cycle to exist in the planned economy.
There will undoubtedly be tendencies for monopoly states to break away from international ties in order to rescue their national economies from the crisis.
A group of journalists and photographers was waiting for the icebreaker to arrive.
5. MODAL VERBS + PERFECT INFINITIVE
Модель: модальный глагол (may, must/ have to /be to, can/could, should, ought to) + перфектный инфинитив (have +V3)
Правило перевода:
а) may - вводным словом “возможно”, всё остальное предложение –в прошедшем времени.
You may have seen this article in the book. - Возможно, ты видел эту статью в книге.
б) must - вводным словом “должно быть”, всё остальное в прошедшем времени.
He must have left.-Он, должно быть, ушел.
в) Предложения со всеми остальными модальными глаголами (should, ought to, could) переводятся также в прошедшем времени, но с оттенком упрёка о несделанном, с частицей “бы”).
You should have taken the text-book in the library. – Вам следовало бы взять учебник в библиотеке (сожаление, упрёк в том, что не сделано).
* Модальные глаголы can/could + перфектный инфинитив в вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях могут переводиться словами «Неужели…+ прошедшее время» и «Не может быть, чтобы… + прошедшее время»
Could he have come? – Неужели он пришел?
He couldn’t have come. – Не может быть, чтобы он пришел./ Он вряд ли пришел.
г) глагол to be в прошедшем времени + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое должно было произойти, но не произошло.
He was to have come. – Он должен был прийти, но не пришел.
The students must have finished their experiment.
The students may have finished their experiment.
The students might have finished their experiment.
The students can’t have finished their experiment.
The students needn’t have finished their experiment.
The students ought to have finished their experiment.
The students should have finished their experiment.
Can the students have finished their experiment?
The students were to have finished their experiment.
The students could have finished their experiment.
Could the students have finished their experiment?
The students couldn’t have finished their experiment.
The students would have finished their experiment.
The students shouldn’t have finished experiment.
The experiment must have been finished.
The experiment may have been finished.
The experiment might have been finished.
The experiment can’t have been finished.
The experiment needn’t have been finished.
The experiment ought to have been finished.
The experiment should have been finished.
Can the experiment have been finished?
The experiment was to have been finished.
The experiment could have been finished.
Could the experiment have been finished?
The experiment couldn’t have been finished.
The experiment shouldn’t have been finished.
Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength.
He may have got the condenser he needed.
He might have known that to cut down the flow of water in a pipe you need only to shut off a valve.
Each shift might have followed on where the preceding one stopped.
He couldn’t have said it. This line should have been put into operation long ago.
Could he have overlooked such a serious mistake?
They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption.
You were to have used a device specially designed to measure certain physical changes in the atmosphere.
Originally, the Earth’s temperature must have been extremely high.
The student ought to have been careful while working, with this instrument. Now the instrument is broken.
They should have tested the new equipment.
You might have done this work yourself.
He may have finished his experiment, but we are not sure.
The explosion must have occurred long ago.
No living beings could have survived in such a climate.
Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.
Could these rocks have been more than 5000 years old?
Life may have existed on this distant planet.
You might have made the experiment more carefully.
I could have gone to the conference, but I lost my invitation.
This phenomenon was to have been considered.
I don’t think it could have been the textbook you mentioned yesterday.
6. PARTICIPLES
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