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    Иностранный_язык_Методические_указания_1. Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов заочно сокращенной


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    Министерство образования РФ
    ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
    КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ

    АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК


    МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ
    для студентов заочно – сокращенной

    формы обучения всех специальностей

    Волгоград 2015

    Методические указания стр. 9
    1. Правила чтения стр. 10
    2. Работа над лексикой стр. 11
    3. Особенности грамматического строя английского языка стр. 17
    4. Работа над текстом стр. 20
    5. Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных

    работ стр. 21 – 22
    Контрольные задания

    Контрольное задание №1
    Для того, чтобы правильно выполнить задание №1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.
    1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания – S. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.
    2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкция типа

    the more ..., the less.
    3. Числительные.
    4. Местоимения. Личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, неопределённые и отрицательные.
    5. Форма настоящего (Present), прошедшего (Past) и будущего (Future) времени группы Indefinite действительного залога изъявительного наклонения. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite.
    6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложений в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения, оборот there is (are).
    7. Основные случаи словообразования.

    Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
    Грамматическая функция окончания – S.
    1. These experiments may be successful in the near future.

    В недалёком будущем эти эксперименты могут иметь успех.
    - experiments – множественное число от имени существительного an experiment (опыт).
    2. Your train leaves at two twenty-five.

    Твой поезд отходит в 2.25.
    - leaves – 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to leave в Present Indefinite.
    3. The plane landed after an hour’s delay.

    Этот самолёт приземлился после часовой задержки.
    В слове hour’s ‘s – окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.
    The plan landed with 35 minutes’ delay.

    Самолёт приземлился с задержкой в 35 минут.
    - minutes’ – форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного a minute во множественном числе.
    Образец выполнения 2 (к упражнению II).
    Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.
    1. The scientists works at some problems of low temperature physics.

    Этот учёный работает над некоторыми проблемами физики низких температур.
    2. The bus stop is far from here.

    Автобусная остановка – далеко отсюда.

    Образец выполнения 3 (к упражнению V)
    The ship arrived at the port with two hours’ delay.

    Корабль прибыл в порт с двух часовой задержкой.
    - arrived – Past Indefinite Active от стандартного глагола to arrive.
    Вариант 1.
    I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, то есть служит ли оно:

    а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

    б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

    в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см.

    образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
    1. A holiday at the seaside always does me a lot of good.
    2. The doctors don’t allow him to smoke at all.
    3. Television plays a very important part in people’s lives.
    II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2)
    1. A Canadian hockey team comes to Moscow.

    2. He buys theatre tickets beforehand.
    3. The tennis competition will be held on Sunday.
    4. My business partner, who is in London now, will come back tomorrow.
    III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
    1. This fax machine is a bit more expensive then that one.
    2. That is the most important problem today.
    3. Please have a better look at these documents.
    4. London is bigger than Sheffield.
    5. You must eat more vegetables and less meat.
    IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
    1. Each of them wants to take part in the discussion.
    2. There is something interesting on the third channel this evening.
    3. Nothing interrupted our work.
    4. I can’t find their new address anywhere.

    5. You may take any of these magazines.


    V. Перепишите следующие предложения, откройте скобки, поставьте глагол в правильной форме и определите видо- временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
    1. She (to make) very good coffee.
    2. Yesterday Tom (to visit) the BBC Television Centre.
    3. Tomorrow I (to meet) reporters from Canada.
    VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.
    Cycling

    We often hear a saying "Don't invent a bicycle" about something simple and known for a long time.

    Really, the bicycle is old enough — more than a hundred years of age. Its first prototype appeared in 1791 in France. In 1800 a Russian peasant Artamonov made an iron bicycle and traveled on it from Nizhni Tagil to Moscow.

    First bicycles looked odd: a large (about 1.5 m high) front wheel with a cranked axle.

    The back wheel was usually smaller. Bicycles were made of iron and riding them was not comfortable because of shaking. They were even called "boneshakers".

    In 1868 rubber types were invented, first solid, then pneumatic. New types of bicycles appeared every year but only in 1885 people saw a model which looked like modern cycles. It had two almost equal wheels and a chain drive to the rear wheel. The frame of the cycle was diamond-shaped. This shape survived and became basic. The new machine looked more elegant than the old "spiders" which were soon abandoned. As time went by, new bicycles were invented — for two, three and even fifteen riders!

    The first bicycle race was held in 1868 in Paris. But the sport became popular only several decades later because bicycles were expensive and only rich people could afford them. By the end of the 19th century many factories produced thousands of bicycles which became cheap, so many people could practice cycling and take part in various competitions.

    Cycling competitions are generally divided into road and track events. Both kinds are in the Olympic programmer. Olympic road events include individual and team races.

    Individual races' distances are different usually up to 200 kilometers’. The winner is the first cyclist who passes over the finish line with his front wheel.

    In the team road event the teams start the contest with 2 - 4minutes interval, and that team wins whose members get the best sum to timings.

    Track events take place on special cycling tracks which look like elongated stadiums with a sloping runway made of concrete, wood or plastics.

    Track events are very spectacular. The Olympic programmer includes 1km sprint races, 1km heat or time trial, individual pursuit and team pursuit over 4km.

    Modern sport bicycles are very light but firm machines made of special metals.

    Cyclists wear jersey shirts with pockets on the back, tight knee-long woolen shorts, perforated shoes, a cap or a leather crash helmet and mitts on their hands.

    Questions:


    1. How old is a bicycle?

    2. Who invented the first all-metal bicycle?

    3. How did the first bicycles look like?

    4. Where and when were the first bicycle races held?
    Vocabulary:
    tyre — шина

    rubber — резина

    concrete — цемент

    pursuit — преследование

    perforated — перфорированный, с отверстиями

    crash helmet — шлем безопасности

    Вариант 2.
    I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
    а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
    б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
    в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец

    выполнения 1).
    Переведите предложения на русский язык.
    1. Like other children he enjoys playing fast games.
    2. The hotel serves meals to residents only.
    3. The students’ hostel is a new and up-to-date building.
    II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
    1. We soon reached the train station.
    2. Tom spent the afternoon playing his computer games.
    3. Both adults and children visit this swimming pool.
    4. Rugby team players are very popular here.
    III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
    1. You must be more careful when you drive in the rush hour.
    2. It’s the most useful book I’ve ever read on the subject.
    3. He is the luckiest man.
    4. The question was mach longer then the answer.
    5. I don’t use my car often now, so less money goes on petrol.
    IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
    1. No one agreed to help.
    2. We didn’t find anybody there.
    3. Somebody else can answer that question.
    4. I have already looked for my telephone book everywhere.
    5. It rains more and more often, it’s getting colder and colder.
    V. Перепишите следующие предложения, откройте скобки, поставьте глагол в правильной форме и определите видо- временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
    1. Food is expensive. It (to cost) a lot of money.
    2. Last night he (to invite) me to the party.
    3. Next Sunday we (to visit) the Tower of London.
    VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.

    The History of the Olympic Games

    Long ago ancient Greeks often waged wars. Small states suffered and lost much even if they did not take any side and stayed out of wars. The ruler of such a small state, Elis, wanted to live in peace with all neighbors. He was a good diplomat because his negotiations were successful and Elis was recognized a neutral state. To celebrate this achievement, he organized athletic games.

    In the beginning this feast lasted one day, but later a whole month was devoted to it. All wars and feuds were stopped by special heralds who rode in all directions of Greece.

    The games were held every four years in Olympia on the territory of Elis. The first games which later were called the Olympic Games were held about a thousand years before our era.

    Usually the Olympic Games began before the middle of the summer. Best athletes arrived from many Greek states to Olympia to compete in running, long jumps, throwing of discus and javelin and wrestling. In the course of time fist fighting (boxing) and chariot races were also included in the Games.

    All athletes took an oath that they had been preparing well for the Games and promised to compete honestly and keep the rules of the sacred Olympics. The athletes took part in all kinds of competitions.

    The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A. D.

    The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892, when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the Union of French sports clubs in Paris. At that time many people in many countries practiced various kinds of sports and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified peoples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.

    On the 23rd of June 1894 the International Congress of amateur sportsmen made an important decision: to revive the Olympic Games and to establish the International Olympic Committee which would be responsible for the administration of the modern Olympic Games. The first Committee consisted of 12 members. Now 82 members of the International Olympic Committee control the affairs of all member countries which joined the Olympic movement.
    Questions:
    1. What did ancient Greeks do long ago?

    2. What did the ruler of a small state want to do?

    3. Why did the ruler organize athletic games?

    4. When did the Olympic Games begin?

    5. When did the revival of the Olympic Games begin?
    Vocabulary:
    to wage wars – вести войны

    ruler - правитель

    feast - праздник

    herald – гонец, посланник

    javelin - копьё

    sacred - священный

    wreath - венок

    chariot races - бега

    to be spared the penalty – быть избавленным от наказания


    Вариант 3.
    I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
    а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
    б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
    в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного

    (см. образец выполнения 1).
    Переведите предложения на русский язык.
    1. I suggest that you compare your results with theirs/
    2. This country has got all it requires to build a healthy economy.
    3. Cathedral’s reconstruction will require a lot of money and a great effort, too.
    II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
    1. The state will finance the hospital construction.
    2. We will make every effort to minimize the production costs.
    3. Phone the travel agency and book a seat on a plane.
    4. He met his American counterpart at Moscow airport.
    III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
    1. This is definitely the best machine on the world market at this price.
    2. My elder brother is a test pilot.
    3. It becomes more and more interesting to learn English.
    4. Italy is smaller than Spain.
    5. Let’s not discuss the less important problems today.

    IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
    1. I am sure everybody will support your idea.
    2. There is nothing interesting in this letter.
    3. Nobody has anything against your suggestions.
    4. They sell it everywhere.
    5. Everything is all right.
    V. Перепишите следующие предложения, откройте скобки, поставьте глагол в правильной форме и определите видо- временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
    1. My mother (to close) all the doors and windows before she goes to sleep.
    2. Last week our football team (to lose) a game.
    3. In two days we (to take part) in press conference at the British Museum.
    VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.
    Conan Doyle

    Many years ago a young doctor began to write stories about a man who was a detective. Readers liked his stories because they were very interesting and the doctor decided to become a writer. The doctor was Conan Doyle and he wrote about Sherlock Holmes.

    Conan Doyle wrote his first story about Sherlock Holmes in 1887. In this story the detective meets his friend Dr. Watson. Holmes and Watson lived at 221 В Baker Street in London.

    Many discussions take place about where 221 В was. There is no house there now. But a large company has its office near the place. This company answers twenty or so letters which still come every week to Sherlock Holmes, 221 В Baker Street. Most come from the United States and many people ask if Mr. Holmes can help them with some problem.

    The company answers saying that, "Mr. Sherlock Holmes is no longer working as a detective".

    There is a pub in London called Sherlock Holmes. One of the rooms in the pub is Sherlock Holmes' room. It has many things the room in Conan Doyle's stories had — Holmes' hat, some letters written to Sherlock Holmes, chairs and tables like those described in the stories. Besides, there are? some pictures of Holmes and Conan Doyle, of actors who played Holmes and Watson in films, on television and radio.

    In 1961 lovers of Sherlock Holmes formed the Sherlock Holmes

    Society. They meet three or four times a year to talk about Sherlock Holmes. The members of the Society know the stories about Sherlock Holmes very well, and they discuss these stories at their meetings.
    Questions:


    1. Why did readers like Conan Doyle's stories?

    2. When did Conan Doyle first write about Sherlock Holmes?

    3. What did lovers of Sherlock Holmes form?

    4. What do the lovers of Sherlock Holmes do at their meetings?


    Vocabulary:
    discussions - обсуждения

    to take place – происходить


    Вариант 4.
    I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
    а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
    б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
    в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец

    выполнения 1).
    Переведите предложения на русский язык.
    1. There is something important in today’s newspaper.
    2. Before there were railways, people used to travel in coaches.
    3. He plays the guitar and the banjo equally well.
    II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
    1. Live me your home address and telephone number, please.
    2. I want to reserve a seat on a morning flight to Seattle next Wednesday.
    3. This is the best city hotel.
    4. Here is your luggage claim-check.
    III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
    1. This is the cheapest of these models.
    2. Do you feel worse today?
    3. His early films were less successful than the more recent ones.
    4. My son is two years older than my daughter.
    5. This way is shorter and more convenient.
    IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
    1. Nobody knows about it.

    2. Everything was ready for the talks.
    3. I see nothing new in this design.
    4. They sell that book everywhere, so you can buy it easily.
    5. Somebody else can answer that question.
    V. Перепишите следующие предложения, откройте скобки, поставьте глагол в правильной форме и определите видо- временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
    1. I (to have) a pain in my back.
    2. The goods (to arrive) in poor conditions yesterday.
    3. Tomorrow morning I (to see) my consultant.
    VI. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.
    What is a computer?

    The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:

    • Hardware

    • Software

    • People

    • Procedures

    • Data/information

    When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected — for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite - is an element of the total computer system.

    Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.

    The basic job of computer is processing information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programmed and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data into information.
    Questions:
    1) What does the term «computer» describe?

    2) What are five components of computer system?

    3) What is connectivity?

    4) What is software? What's the difference between hardware and software?
    Vocabulary:
    intelligence – разум

    raw - необработанный, сырой

    manner - манера, способ

    decision making – принятие решений

    procedures - процедуры, операции

    to convert - превращать, преобразовывать

    microwave - микроволновая

    to refine - очищать

    purpose - цель

    transmission - передача

    to connect - соединять

    Вариант 5.
    I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –S и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
    а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
    б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
    в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).
    Переведите предложения на русский язык.
    1. The City of London is the country’s business centre.
    2. Nobody believes in that method.
    3. Advise him to put some pictures on the walls.
    II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).
    1. My travel agent made all the reservations for my journey.
    2. It is a very good screen version of a classical novel.
    3. This is an excellent magazine article.
    4. We are proud of our new opera house.
    5. They hide the Christmas presents under the fur-tree.
    III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.
    1. Her hair looks longer than mine.
    2. England is smaller than France.
    3. The problem is much more important than you think.
    4. My toothache is worse today.
    5. These slides are better than those.
    IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.
    1. He quarreled with somebody.
    2. We would like to see something more up-to-date.
    3. Does any of them speak fluent English?
    4. Nobody will support this idea.
    5. Everyone is ready to discuss this problem.
    V. Перепишите следующие предложения, откройте скобки, поставьте глагол в правильной форме и определите видо- временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).
    1. He (to play) chess very well.
    2. Yesterday she (to prepare) a nice dinner.
    3. The day after tomorrow we (to visit) the Shakespeare’s Birthplace.
    V. Прочитайте и письменно переведите следующий текст. Письменно ответьте на вопросы.
    Shakespeare's Birthplace
    Stratford-on-Avon, where Shakespeare was born, is now one of the most popular tourist centers. But it was not so many years ago. In the 18th century only a few relics of Shakespeare were left — his tomb, New Place (a large house which was built in place of Shakespeare's own house), the mulberry tree that he had planted, and his birthplace.

    People from London and other places came to see these relics. Most of them came to New Place where they wanted to see the famous mulberry tree in the garden.

    The owner of New Place wasn't much interested in Shakespeare. He didn't like the fact that so many visitors came to his house asking to see the mulberry tree. So in 1756 he cut down the tree and his life became quiet.

    But it didn't last long. The people who came to Stratford-on- Avon to see Shakespeare's tree at first were surprised, then they got so angry that the owner of New Place had to leave Stratford.

    After Stratford lost one of the most famous relics of Shakespeare, the city fathers decided to do something to attract people there. They asked the greatest actor of the time David Garrick to organize a festival in Stratford.

    Garrick planned to do it in the first week of September, 1769. He wanted the festival to be the greatest outdoor festival staged in England.

    At six o'clock in the morning of Wednesday September 6 the festival was opened. Many people came to Stratford. The first day was successful, and Garrick was happy. On the second day it rained hard. The second-day evening ended as it began — in the rain.

    On the third day all the people left Stratford, Garrick returned to London very sad. But his festival was the beginning of a tradition. Stratford is now famous for its Shakespeare festivals. Every year a lot of people come to Stratford for the Festival season which lasts from April to September.
    Questions:
    1. What relics of Shakespeare were left in the 18th century?

    2. Why did people tome to Stratford-on-Avon?

    3. What did the owner of New Place do in 1756?
    Vocabulary:
    relic — предмет старины

    tomb — могила, могильный камень

    mulberry tree — шелковица

    city fathers — городские старейшины

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