методичка по английскому языку. Московский государственный медикостоматологический университет
 Скачать 1.11 Mb.
|
|
частью. Ех 6. Answer the questions and check your answers:
Lesson 11 MOSCOW Moscow is the capital of Russia its political, economic , commercial and cultural centre. It was founded 8 centuries ago by PrinceYuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow's history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712 . Moscow remained the heart of Russia. That is why it became the main target of Napoleon's attack. Three-quarters of the city was destroyed by fire during Napoleo n's occupation but by the mid-19th century Moscow had been completely restored. After the October revolution Moscow became the capital again. Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about nine hundred square kilometres (ancient Moscow occupied the territory of the present-day Kremlin). The population of the city is over 12 million , plus some three million guests coming annually. Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. It has more historic associations than any other place in Moscow. On the territory of the Kremlin you can sее old cathedrals , the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great the Palace of Congresses , the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell. There are a lot of beautiful palaces old mansions, cathedrals, churches and monuments in Moscow. This year marks a significant national event for Muscovites and all Russian citizens - the jubilee celebration of Moscow's 850th anniversary. In 1994 the jubilee was approved by Presidential decree. Since then an intensive and widespread programme of restoration has enabled a rebirth for the City of Moscow. The recriation of the magnificent Christ the Saviour Cathedral is in full swing. Red Square's Kazansky Cathedral, Voskresenskv Gate and the Iverskaya Chapel have been restored. The majestic Monument of Victory on Poklonnava Hill has added to the capital's beauty. Across the city, churches, theatres , railway terminals anu monuments of history. Culture and architecture have been renovated in preparation for this sigatificant and historical year. Moscow is famous for its museums and theatres. There are more than museums in Moscow. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Tretyakov Gallery. The Tretyakov Art Gallery has the richest collection of Russian and Soviet fine arts. Its 50 rooms are hung with pictures of marvelous beauty. Other unique museums in Moscow include the All-Russian Museum of Folk Arts the Andrei Rublev Museum of Early Russian Art , Alexei Bakhrushin Theatre Museum Mikhail Glinka Museum of Musical Culture and many others. There are many theatres in Moscow The Bolshoi Theatre enjoys the greates popularity. Grand and majestic building is a masterpiece of Moscow classicism. Its history is part of the history of Russian operatic and ballet art. F.Chaliapin . L .Sobinov. and many other famous singers appeared on its stage. The Bolshoi Ballet has won world fame. The Maly Theatre is just as famous. It had its first season m 1824. Having gained fame with its productions of plays by Griboyedov, Gogol and Ostrovsky the theatre continues to play an outstanding part in Russian's cultural life. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament (the Duma) and the centre of political life of the country. Moscow is the city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities. Vocabulary. to accept [ək'sept]принимать, допускать tartar yoke [ta:tə 'jouk ]татарское иго target [ta:git]мишень, цель, объект to restore [ris't'ə]реставрировать, восстанавливать masterpiece [ma:stə pi:s]шедевр mansion [manʃn] особняк unique [ju:'ni:k]уникальный, единственный в своем роде studio студия, театр-студия grand [grænd]величественный classicism классицизм higher educational institution высшее учебное заведение jubilee ['dʒu:bili:]юбилей Names. Ivan the Terrible [aivn ʓ'teibl]Иван Грозный Napoleon [nə'pouliən] Наполеон the Tzar-Cannon [za:(tsa:)'kænən] Царь-пушка the Tzar-Bell [za:(tsa:)'bel] Царь-колокол Kazan [kə'zæn] Казань the Christ [kraist] Saviour [seivjə] Cathedral - храм Христа Спасителя Questions.
FROM THE HISTORY OF THE MOSCOW KREMLIN AND RED SQUARE. It was more than 800 year ago that a wooden fortress was built on the bank of the Moskva River on the orders of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. The citadel was not big , occupying less than one-twentieth of the Kremlin's present area. Some twenty years after its construction the Kremlin was destroyed by flames during an attack launched by the Prince of Ryazan. But the Moscovites (Muscovites) rapidly built a new fortress. In the 13th century Moscow was badly damaged by Tartar-Mongol invaders. In the middle of the 14th century Moscow became the capital of the great principality under Prince Ivan the Third. The period from 1485 to 1495 saw the appearance of Kremlin walls stretching for over two thousand metres and twenty magnificent towers. Each century has left its trace in the Kremlin. St..Basil's Cathedral was built in the 16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan, It is the masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture. There is a legend that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Barma and Postnik , because he didn't want them to create another masterpiece. During the Northern War in the beginning of the 18th century , bastions and moats were built around the Kremlin walls. Forty years later, a palace was erected for Czarina Yelizaveta to the design of Bartolomeo Rastrelli. In 1788 architect M.Kazakov built the magnificent Senate. The Kremlin is famous for its beautiful cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Assumption is the most outstanding of the Kremlin's oldest structures. It was built by Russian masters under the guidance of Rodolfo Fioravanti. This cathedral was Russian's main church where coronations of Russian czars took place , important governmental acts were announced and solemn ceremonies were performed. In the 15th century Pskov builders erected the Cathedral of the Annunciation , one of the best Kremlin structures. The cathedral's old frescoes enjoy world fame. They were painted by Russian's outstanding artists Theophanes the Greek , Andrei Rubfcv and Prokhor from Gorodets. The Archangel Cathedral was built later than all others (1505-1509) This cathedral was the resting place of the Moscow princes and czars (until the time of Peter the Great). Ivan the Terrible and his sons were buried in this cathedral. The oldest interment is the tomb of Prince Ivan Kalita. The most outstanding of the 16th - 17th century stone structures is the group of belfries dominated by the Ivan the Great Bell Tower . The Bell Tower united into a single whole both the ensemble of Cathedral Square and the entire Kremlin ensemble. Moreover , it was the tallest structure in Moscow. Red Square , the main square in Moscow and Russia , is spreading at the eastern walls of the Kremlin. It changed its name more than once over the centuries. In the chronicle dated 1434 it is called Market Place. After the devastating fire of 1493 it become known as Fire. In the 16th century it was called Trinity Square and in the 1660s the epithet "red" was conferred on it. In Old Russian "red"meant "handsome", "the best", "the main". On Red Square there is a remarkable monument of loth century known as St.Basil's Cathedral. In front of the Cathedral is the monument to Minin and Pozharsky. This is the first sculptural monument in Moscow. The Kremlin is situated in the very heart of the city on an elevated bank of the Moskva River. Its majestic walls and towers , palaces and gold-domed white stone cathedrals attract numerous tourists from our country and abroad and make an unforgettable impression. Vocabulary. principality [prinsi'pæliti] княжество legend [ leʤand] легенда to blind [ blaind] ослепить bastion [bæstiən]бастион moat [ məut] ров с водой solemn [sɔləm] торжественный ceremony [ 'serimə ni] церемония fresco['freskəu]фреска interment [ in'ta :mə nt] погребение , захоронение tomb [ tu:m] могила belfry [ 'belfri] колокольня , башня ensemble [ a:n'sa:mbl] фр,- ансамбль Devastating fire [ 'devəstesteitin] разрушительный , опустошающий огонь Names. St. Basil's Cathedral [sənt 'bæzlz koθi:drel] собор Василия Блаженного Barma [ bə'ma:] and Postnik [ 'poustnik] Барм а и Постник the Cathedral of the Assumption Успенский собор the Cathedral of the Annunciation Благовещенский собор the Archangel ( a:keinʤəl] Cathedral Архангельский собор Trinity Square ['triniti skweə] Троицкая площадь Questions.
Lesson 12 GREAT BRITAIN The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands. Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland But in every day speech "Great Britain" is used to mean the United Kingdom The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The Western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea The surface of the British Isles varies very much The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, white the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains-is called the Lowlands The north and the west of England are mountainous, but all the rest - east, centre and south-east - is a vast plain Mountains are not very high Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m) There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long The Severn is the longest river, .while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round, but very changeable. That is why it is natural for the English to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of a person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The most unpleasant aspect of English weather is fog and smog. This is extremely bad in big cities and especially in London The UK is one of the world's smaller countries Its population is over 57 million About 80% of the population is urban. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding The UK is a constitutional monarchy 1л law, the Head of State is the Queen, but her power is limited. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers the House of Lords and the House of Commons There are three main political panics in Great Britain the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties The Conservative party is the ruling рапу nowadays. VOCABULARY respectively [ri spektivli] соответственно vast [va:st] огромный mountainous ['mauntinəs] гористый plain [plein] равнина urban [ə:bən]городской to rule [ru:l] управлять parliament [pa:ləmənt] парламент chamber [tʃembə] палата NAMES the British Isles [ailz] Британские острова Edinburgh [edinbərə] Эдинбург Cardiff [ka:dif] Кардифф Belfast [bel'fa:st] Белфаст Highlands [haiəndz] гористая часть Ben Nevis [ben nevis] Бен Невис the Severn [sevən] Северн The Thames [temz] Темза QUESWUNS
A FEW FACTS FROM EARLY ENGLISH HISTORY (additional reading) The first settlers in Britain belonged to the Celtic tribes which, before their arrival in Britain had spread over what is now Germany. France and Spam These first Celtic invaders are known as the Goidels and their language survives m some parts of Ireland and Scotland About two centuries later a new wave of Celtic tribes known аз Britons landed on the shores of Britain. In 55 В. С. Julius Caesar landed with his troops on the shores of Britain then Britain was conquered by Rome Their rule over Britain lasted for about four centuries During this period a considerable part of the land was cleared for cultivation, many new towns grew up and 3number of forts were built Britain now a Roman province was frequently troubled by the Picts and Scots But in the fifth century other enemies appeared. These were Germanic tribes the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes. The isolation of the .Angles, the Saxons and Jutes from the continental Germanic tribes actually led to the formation of the English nationality. The dialects of these tribes had so much in common that the tribes could easily understand each other, and they called this common language "Englisc" (English). The time of the invasion of Britain by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes is considered to be the real beginning of the history of the English language VOCABULARY tribe [traib] племя invader [in veidə] завоеватель Goidels [gɔidels] гойделн Celtic [ keltik] кельтский the Angles [æŋgləs]англы the Saxons [sæks(ə)ns] саксы the Jutes [ʤu:ts] юты isolation [aiso leiʃən] изоляция invasion [in veiʒən] вторжение LONDON London is the capital of Great Britain, it's political, economic and commercial centre U is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe Us population is about 8 million. London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world, more then twenty centuries old It was first mentioned by the Romans The Romans, the Saxons and the Danes sealed here in turn, and after them came the Normans With the passing years London continued to grow up in importance and its position as the seat of government was firmly secured London has buildings that express all the different areas of its history, for it manages in a unique way to reflect its past and at the same time to fulfil the functions of a modem, city Traditionally it is divided into several pans the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns end epochs. The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work There are some famous ancient buildings within the City Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul's Cathedral the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17-th century by Sir Christofer Wren. It stands on a hill and the gold ball and cross at the top can be seen on a fire day from almost any spot of London The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by WiUiam the Conqueror He built it right at the gates of the City to keep the unruly Londoners in tear Later the kings began to use it as a royal residence They used to spend a night before coronation there Now it is a museum Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here The Oldest pan of the building dates back to the 8-th century, the abbey is famous for its architecture, some of the monuments and tombs are decorated with gold and precious metals. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc. Across the road from Westminster Abbey is the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big hour bell, known as "Big Ben" Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen. The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London It is the symbol of wealth and luxury The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs and theatres are situated there There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people. Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 The tail Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery Not far away is the British Museum - the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library As we know the name of the West End is associated with wealth white the East End is "the hands of London", which have created the brightness and wealth of the West End. It is the poorest district of London There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here The streets are narrow, !he buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families Londoners love traditions and it is considered that London has preserved them to a greater extent than anv other city in England Also the traditions associated with royal events attract many tourists into the country, thus bringing currency Their love of traditions can be observed in practically all aspects of life and behavior. VOCABULARY commercial [kə mə:ʃəl] торговый epoch [i:pɔk] эпоха financial [fai nænʃel]финансовый to crown [kraun] короновать to bury [beri] хоронить wealth [welθ] богатство luxury роскошь priceless [ praislis] бесценный manuscript [ mænjuskript] рукопись to be famous for [ feiməs] быть знаменитым , славиться unimpressive невпечатляюший, невыразительный densely [densl] густо NAMES the Stock Exchange [stɔks't ʃeindʓ] Лондонская фондовая биржа the Old Bailey [ beili] Центральный уголовный суд в Олд-Бейли St Paul's Cathedral [sənt pɔ:lz kə θi:drəl] собор св.Павла (главный собор английской церкви) Sir Christoter Wren [' sə: kristəfə ren] Кристофер Peн Julius Caesar [dʒu:liəs si:zə] Юлий Цезарь Willial the Conqueror [kɔŋkərə]Вильгельм Завоеватель, Вильгельм 1 (первый король из норманнов в Англии) Westminster Abbey [ westmninstə æbi] Вестминстерское аббатство Buckingham Palace Букингемскнй Дворец (главная королевская резиденция в Лондоне) Trafalgar Square [trəfælge skweə] Трафальгарская площадь QUESTIONS
6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?
12. What are the most famous London museums and art galleries? |