Обучение грамматическим основам чтения специального текста. англ книги. Практикум Обучение грамматическим основам чтения специального текста
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Text AПрочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста. DEMAND AND SUPPLY Demand is the quantity of a good buyers wish to purchase at each conceivable price. Thus demand is not a particular quantity, such as six bars of chocolate, but rather a full description of the quantity of chocolate the buyer would purchase at each and every price which might be charged. The first column of Table 2 shows a range of prices for bars of chocolate. The second column shows the quantities that might be demanded at these prices. Even when chocolate is free, only a finite amount will be wanted. People get sick from eating too much chocolate. As the price of chocolate rises, the quantity demanded falls, other things equal. We have assumed that nobody will buy any chocolate when the price is more than £0.40 per bar. Taken together, columns (1) and (2) describe the demand for chocolate as a function of its price (Table 2). Supply is the quantity of a good sellers wish to sell at each conceivable price. Again, supply is not a particular quantity but a complete description of the quantity that sellers would like to sell at each and every possible price. The third column of Table 2 shows how much chocolate sellers wish to sell at each price. Chocolate cannot be produced for nothing. Nobody would wish to supply if they receive a zero price. In our example, it takes a price of at least £0.20 per bar before there is any incentive to supply chocolate. At higher prices it becomes increasingly lucrative to supply chocolate bars and there is a corresponding increase in the quantity of bars that would be supplied. Taken together, columns (1) and (3) describe the supply of chocolate bars as a function of their price. TABLE 2. THE DEMAND FOR AND SUPPLY OF CHOCOLATE
Notice the distinction between demand and the quantity demanded. Demand describes the behaviour of buyers at every price. At a particular price such as £0.30, there is a particular quantity demanded, namely 80 million bars/year. The term ‘quantity demanded’ makes sense only in relation to a particular price. A similar distinction applies to supply and quantity supplied. In everyday language, we would say that when the demand for football tickets exceeds their supply some people will not get into the ground. Economists must be more precise. At the price charged for tickets, the quantity demanded exceeded the quantity supplied. Although the size of the ground sets an upper limit on the quantity of tickets that can be supplied, a higher ticket price would have reduced the quantity demanded, perhaps leaving empty space in the ground. Yet there has been no change in demand, the schedule describing how many people want admission at each possible ticket price. The quantity demanded has changed because the price has changed. We must recognize that the demand schedule relating price and quantity demanded and the supply schedule relating price and quantity supplied are each constructed on the assumption of ‘other things equal’. In the demand for tube tickets, the ‘other things’ were the cost of alternative modes of transport. In the demand for football tickets, one of the ‘other things’ that is important is whether or not the game is being shown on television. If it is, the quantity of tickets demanded at each and every price will be lower than if the game is not televised. To understand how a market works, we must first explain why demand and supply are what they are. (Is the game on television? Has the ground capacity been extended by building a new stand?) Then we must examine how the price adjusts to balance the quantities supplied and demanded, given the underlying supply and demand schedules relating quantity to price. Let us think again about the market for chocolate described in Table 2. Other things equal, the lower...(чем ниже...)the price of chocolate, the higher... (тем выше...)the quantity demanded. Other things equal, the higher the price of chocolate, the higher the quantity supplied. A campaign by dentists warning of the effect of chocolate on tooth decay, or a fall in household incomes, would change the ‘other things’ relevant to the demand for chocolate. Either of these changes would reduce the demand for chocolate, reducing the quantities demanded at each price. Cheaper cocoa beans, or technical advances in packaging chocolate bars, would change the ‘other things’ relevant to the supply of chocolate bars. They would tend to increase the supply of chocolate bars, increasing the quantity supplied at each possible price. II. Exercises 1. Переведите текст на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока. 2. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы и запишите их. 1) What is a market? 2) What 2 kinds of market did you learn about from the text? 3) What economic functions do these kinds of market perform? 4) Can the price and quantity be considered separately? 5) What do prices guide? 6) What do we need to do to understand the process of the prices’ action at a typical market? 7) What are the essential features on which a model of a typical market should concentrate? 8) What can we study, after making a model, to see how a market works in practice? 9) What is demand? 10) What is supply? 11) What is the distinction between demand and the quantity demanded? 12) What is the distinction between supply and the quantity supplied? 3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите близкие по значению слова из следующего списка: possible, profitable, limited, quantity, table, to provide, place, mainly. 4. Подчеркните в тексте предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже. 1) При помощи рынка продавцы и покупатели входят в контакт для обмена товарами и услугами. 2) Цены устанавливаются так, чтобы уравновесить спрос и предложение. 3) По мере того, как цена на товар растет, спрос на этот товар падает. 4) На фондовой бирже работают посредники, которые заключают сделки от имени своих клиентов. 5) При слишком низкой цене у продавцов нет стимула поставлять товар. 6) Чтобы понять, как работает рынок, необходимо изучить поведение покупателей и поведение продавцов. 7) Цены влияют на общество, определяя его выбор, что, как и для кого покупать. 8) Спрос - это количество товара, которое покупатели хотят купить по каждой возможной цене. 9) Предложение - это количество товара, которое продавцы хотят продать по каждой возможной цене. 5. Образуйте существительные от данных глаголов с помощью суффиксов -ion, -ment.Проверьте их по тексту и переведите их. to discuss, to recognize, to transact, to arrange, to establish, to assume, to produce, to consume, to interact, to describe. 6. Образуйте наречия от данных прилагательных с помощью суффикса -ly и переведите их chief, physical, superficial, separate, simultaneous, possible, particular, conceivable, complete, precise. 7. Изложите краткое содержание текста А на английском языке в письменной форме. 8. Прочтите список ключевых слов к тексту В: eduilibrium - равновесие equilibrium price - равновесная цена specifically - в особенности to combine - объединять opposite - противоположный intermediate - промежуточный equilibrium quantity - равновесное количество shortage - нехватка, дефицит excess demand - избыточный спрос to realize - понимать excess supply - избыточное предложение stock - запас to bring about - осуществлять expensive - дорогой naturally - естественно to clear - освободить, распродавать move - шаг price-cutting - снижение цены to reach - достигать in reverse - задним ходом to run out - заканчиваться to ration – нормировать 9. Прослушайте текст В на кассете 2 - 3 раза и постарайтесь понять его. 10. Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке. 11. Выберите утверждения, которые соответствуют содержанию текста Вх): 1) At low prices the demand for chocolate bars exceeds the quantity supplied. 2) If the price is high the demand is also high. 3) At some intermediate price the quantity demanded just equals the quantity supplied. 4) At the equilibrium price the demand for the goods exceeds the quantity supplied. 5) When economists say there is excess demand they really mean the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at this price. 6) If the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied, we have a shortage of goods. 7) If the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, sellers will be left with stock they can’t sell. 12. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текстов А и В. III. Vocabulary to Text A
IV. Test 1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.
2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом:
3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.
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