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IV. Test


 

1.Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.

1)     Government has a … role in a planned economy.

2)     Individuals are not permitted to … property, land and other means of production.

3)     They decide the type and … of goods and services to be produced.

4)     A table helps planners calculate the resources needed to meet the various output… .

5)     People purchase goods and services with money they … .

6)     In the … sector production decisions are made by firms.

7)     In the public sector, public goods and merit goods are provided free and are paid for by … .

8)     Taxes will be lower and the distribution of wealth and … less equal.

9)     One of the roles of the government is to ensure that there is … competition in the private sector.

10)Businesses are set up by individuals to supply a wide … of goods and servies.

 

a)     earn

b)    fair

c)     income

d)    mix

e)     own

f)      private

g)     public

h)     supply

i)       targets

j)       taxes

k)     variety

l)       vital

 

 

2.Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.

1) to make     a) decision                      2) to meet       a) taxes

                      b) discussion                                      b) targets

                      c) consumption                                   c) trials

 

3) to set up    a) property                     4) to spend      a) input

                      b) benefit                                                  b) income

                      c) business                                                c) insurance

 

5) to plan      a) production                            6) to purchase  a) aims

                     b) precision                                                b) options

                     c) permission                                             c) goods

 

3.Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.

1)     minimal of material comfort with which a person or class may reasonably be content;

2)     allowance, to which a person is entitled;

3)     to obtain as reward of labour;

4)     contribution levied on persons, property or business for support of government;

5)     toil tending to supply wants of community;

6)     periodical receipts from one's business, lands, work, investments;

a country having national health service, national insurance and other social services.

a)     benefit

b)    to earn

c)     income

d)    labour

e)     standard of living

f)      tax

g)     welfare state

 





Unit 4

 

I.  Information for study.

 

Text A


 

Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите на полях основные термины, связанные с тематикой текста

 

 

MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS

 

1.Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need not classify branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions «what», «how», and «for whom». We can also classify branches of economics according to the approachor methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomics and macroeconomics cuts across  the large number of subject groupings cited above.

 

Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities.

For example, we might study why individual households prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We canthen aggregate the behaviour  of all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It studies simultaneously every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.

 

2.If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to loose track of the phenomena in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is to devise judicious simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without distorting reality too much. It is here that microeconomists and macroeconomists proceed down different avenues. Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A microeconomic analysis of miners’ wages would emphasize the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It would largely neglect the chain of indirect effects to which a rise in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent of the miners’ pay increase to secure higher wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be partial analysis.

 

3.In some instances, indirect effects may not be too important and it will make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities. In other circumstances an alternative simplification must be found.

Macroeconomics studies the interactions in the economy as a whole. It deliberately simplifies the individual building blocks of the analysis in order to retain a manageable analysis of the complete interaction of the economy.

 

For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about the breakdown of consumer goods into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them all as a single bundle called ‘consumer goods’ because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households’ purchases of consumer goods and firms’ decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings.

 

II. Exercises

 

1. Переведите текст A на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.

 

2. Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и запишите их:

1)  What distinguishes different kinds of economists ?

2)  What branches of economics can you enumerate and what do they deal with ?

3)  How can we classify branches of economics ?

4)  What analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities ?

5)  What does general equilibrium theory study ?

6)  What do microeconomists tend to offer ?

7)  Why do microeconomists ignore interactions with the rest of the economy?

8)  When is microeconomic analysis called partial analysis ?

9)  When does it make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities ?

10)What does macroeconomics emphasize ?

 

3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте подберите слова, близкие по значению, из следующего списка:

to advance, field, to invent, to concern, method, to propose, investigation, goods, manufacturers, to sum up, separate, sophisticated, to keep, to neglect.

 

4. Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.

1)  Макроэкономика изучает взаимодействия в экономике в целом.

2)  Экономика труда занимается проблемами рынка с точки зрения фирм, рабочих, общества.

3)  Общая теория равновесия изучает одновременно каждый рынок для каждого товара.

4)  Макроэкономика рассматривает все товары как единое целое под названием “потребительские товары”.

5)  Микроэкономический анализ подробно изучает индивидуальные решения о приобретении отдельных товаров.

6)  Мы можем классифицировать экономистов в соответствии с той отраслью экономики, которой они занимаются.

7)  Микроэкономика подробно рассматривает какой-либо один аспект экономического развития, но игнорирует взаимодействия с остальными областями экономики, чтобы сохранить простоту анализа.

8)  Макроэкономика намеренно упрощает отдельные строительные блоки анализа, чтобы можно было анализировать взаимодействия в экономике.

 

5. Изложите краткое содержание текста A на английском языке в письменной форме, используя следующие слова:

            this text considers.., deals with.., concerns..., discusses..

6. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текста А, используя       следующие выражения: “I believe”, “I think”, “My opinion is that…”.

 




III. Vocabulary to Text A


 

according (to)



в соответствии (с)

to aggregate



суммировать

approach



подход, метод

area



область

behaviour



поведение, развитие

to believe



полагать

branch



отрасль

breakdown



распад

bundle



пучок

chain



цепь

circumstance



обстоятельство

to cite



цитировать

commodity



товар

to compare



сравнивать

complicated



сложный

to concern



касаться

congestion



перенаселение

conclusion



заключение

consumer goods



потребительские товары

to cut across



проходить через

to deal (with)



заниматься, иметь дело

deliberately



преднамеренно

to devise



придумать

to distinguish



различать

to distort



искажать

division



разделение

effect



следствие

effort



усилие

exchange



обмен

to extend



доводитьрасширять

general equilibrium theory



общая теория равновесия

to give rise



1.дать толчок;

2. вызвать

heating system



система отопления

housing



жилищное строительство

to increase



увеличивать

indirect



косвенный, побочный

individual



отдельный

to induce



вызывать

instance



пример

interaction



взаимодействие

to interact



взаимодействовать

judicious



закономерный

to keep



1.поддерживать;

2.сохранять

to loose track



потерять нить

to make sense



иметь смысл

manageable



выполнимый

mine



шахта

to neglect



пренебрегать

owner



владелец

partial



частичный

particular



определенный, конкретный

pattern



модель

to pay



платить

to preserve



сохранить

to proceed



отправляться

producer



производитель

relative



относительный

to retain



сохранять

to secure



обеспечить

to simplify



упрощать

simplicity



простота

simplification



упрощение

sophisticated



усложненный

subject grouping



предметная группировка

to treat



рассматривать

treatment



исследование

urban



городской

to view



рассматривать

as a whole



в целом

 





IV. Test

 

1.Выберите из колонки справа  по смыслу слова, пропущенные в предложениях.

 

1)  Urban economics  ... city problems.

a)    market

2)  We can classify  ...  of economics according to the methodology that is used.

b)   households

c)   commodity

3)  Within a market economy we can discuss the … for cars.

d)   effects

e)    branches

4)  Macroeconomics … the individual building blocks of the analysis.

f)     deals with

g)   g) interactions

5)  We can study why … prefer car to bycycles.

h)   consumer

i)      purchase

6)  General equilibrium theory studies simultaneously every market for every  ...  .

j)      macroeconomics

k)   microeconomics

7)  When microeconomic analysis ignores indirectly induced  ...  it is said to be partial analysis.

 

8)  Microeconomics ignores  ...  with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis.

 

9)  Macroeconomists do not worry about the breakdown of  ...  goods into cars, bicycles, televisions and calculators.

 

10)... treats the interaction in the economy as a whole.

 

 

2. Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.

1) to distort           a) the effort;

                            b) the meaning;

                            c) the exchange.

2) to loose            a) congestion;

                            b) circumstance;

                            c) track.

3) to pay               a) wages;

                            b) jobs;

                            c) goods.

4) to devise           a) housing;

                            b) simplifications;

                            c) divisions.

5) to consume       a) chains;

                            b) branches;

                            c) goods.

                  

 





3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответствующие данным определениям.

a) economics which deals with problems of the labour market;

1. urban economics;

2. commodities;

b) economics which deals with city problems;

c) a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities;

d) things that meet needs or are wanted or can be traded;

3. consumer goods;

4. labour economics;

5. macroeconomics;

6. microeconomics.

e) a study of the interactions in the economy as a whole;

 

f) goods bought by households (not by firms).

 

 





Unit 5

 

I.  Information for study.

 
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